End 9th c. Papacy becoming increasingly corrupt Early 10th c. Papacy contested between Roman aristocrats 956-63 Pontificate of John XII, until deposed.

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End 9th c. Papacy becoming increasingly corrupt Early 10th c. Papacy contested between Roman aristocrats Pontificate of John XII, until deposed by Otto I advocates

Map Link: Italy about 1050: < italy_1050.jpgitaly_1050.jpg>

Two issues provoking church reform movement: Clerical marriage Simony (selling church offices) 910 Berno and followers persuade Duke of Aquitaine to found abbey at Cluny

Cluny Abbey free from feudal obligations Emphasis on communal worship Other Clunaic houses with priors answering to abbot of Cluny, who answers to pope

Other reform movements: England: St Dunstan, with support of King Edgar (r ) France: Monasteries reforming on Clunaic model Italy: Lay criticism of clerical corruption Lotharingia/Lorraine: Reform of secular and regular clergy, with imperial support. Abbey at Gorze (education)

Papal reform movement, starting mid-11th c Emperor Henry III takes control of papacy Pontificate of Leo IX Cardinals, including Hildebrand, Humbert, Peter Damian 1054 Humbert excommunicates Patriarch of Constantinople

Apocalyptic expectations: Reform movements aiming to provide better clergy to lead people, incl. with vernacular preaching Expressions of concerns with eschatology in literature (e.g. Anglo-Saxon homilies and poetry, plays produced at Gorze and elsewhere), art (sculpture and manuscripts)

Ralph Glaber Ralph (Radulfus) Glaber (c. 985-c. 1047) Monk and chronicler from Auxerre, Burgundy Described by some as an unruly wanderer. Travelled around various monasteries to study and work Spent some time at St-Germain in Auxerre, with Abbot Helderic

Ralph Glaber At Moutiers-St Jean Then at Saint-Bénigne, with Abbot William of Volpiano Vita Guillelmi

Ralph Glaber Writes Historiarum Libri Quinque ab Anno Incarnationis DCCCC usque ad Annum MXLIV at Cluny, dedicated to Abbot Odilo Later moves to St-Germain, where dies