Organized Youth Sports & Physical Education Part II

1963—President Kennedy changed name to the President's Council on Physical Fitness 1963—President Kennedy changed name to the President's Council on Physical Fitness 1965—Retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed improvement in students' fitness levels 1965—Retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed improvement in students' fitness levels 1968— Aerobics (Kenneth Cooper) 1968— Aerobics (Kenneth Cooper) – male = 30 points per week – female = 24 points per week 1974—Retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed no overall improvement in fitness levels since —Retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed no overall improvement in fitness levels since 1965 PHYSICAL FITNESS

1981—AAHPERD Lifetime Health- Related Physical Fitness Test 1981—AAHPERD Lifetime Health- Related Physical Fitness Test – Body composition using skin-fold measures – Function of heart and circulatory system using a 1.5 mile or 12-minute run – Strength using bent-knee sit-ups in 60 seconds (number done) – Flexibility using straight leg with arm extension PHYSICAL FITNESS

1994—Physical Best (AAHPERD's educational materials) combined with the FITNESSGRAM developed by the Cooper Institute 1994—Physical Best (AAHPERD's educational materials) combined with the FITNESSGRAM developed by the Cooper Institute – Aerobic capacity in a one-mile walk/run or pacer for young children – Body composition – Muscular strength and endurance using curl-ups, push-ups, or alternatively pull- ups, modified pull-ups, or flexed-arm hand and trunk lift – Flexibility using sit-and-reach PHYSICAL FITNESS

ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION Adapted physical education is for exceptional students who are so different in mental, physical, emotional, or behavioral characteristics that in the interest of quality of educational opportunity, special provisions must be made for their proper education.

REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973, SECTION 504—INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES IN EDUCATION “No otherwise qualified handicapped person shall on the basis of handicap, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination under any program which receives or benefits from Federal financial assistance.”

PUBLIC LAW The Education of all Handicapped Children Act of 1975 Required the development of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for every child with special needs, including specifically for physical education

IDEA The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has fostered significant changes in the lives of children with disabilities and their families and in the roles of schools and teachers in the education of children with disabilities. The basic tenets of IDEA have remained intact since the original passage of the law in However, each set of amendments has strengthened the original law.

MEN'S ATHLETICS Socially elite—horse racing, dancing, gambling, cards, and yachting Socially elite—horse racing, dancing, gambling, cards, and yachting Baseball (1744—England; not until 1839 in America) Baseball (1744—England; not until 1839 in America) Cycling—late 1800s Cycling—late 1800s Tennis—1874 from England Tennis—1874 from England Golf—Scotland Golf—Scotland Cricket and croquet clubs—late 1800s Cricket and croquet clubs—late 1800s 1891—Basketball—James Naismith at the YMCA Training School 1891—Basketball—James Naismith at the YMCA Training School 1896—Volleyball—William Morgan at YMCA 1896—Volleyball—William Morgan at YMCA

AMATEUR SPORTS— s Athletic clubs (especially the New York Athletic Club)—provided sports opportunities for members (especially track and field) Athletic clubs (especially the New York Athletic Club)—provided sports opportunities for members (especially track and field) 1879—Amateur Athletic Union (1888)— "check the evils of professionalism and promote amateur sport" 1879—Amateur Athletic Union (1888)— "check the evils of professionalism and promote amateur sport" 1912—538 athletic clubs and the AAU had 19,000 members 1912—538 athletic clubs and the AAU had 19,000 members Competition offered (and said to control) 40 sports; later 16 sports—especially basketball, track and field, and boxing Competition offered (and said to control) 40 sports; later 16 sports—especially basketball, track and field, and boxing

MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Students promoted, financed, and controlled athletics—faculty and administrators did not want to be involved (no standard rules or eligibility regulations) Students promoted, financed, and controlled athletics—faculty and administrators did not want to be involved (no standard rules or eligibility regulations) – Rowing—1852—Harvard over Yale – Baseball—1859—Amherst over Williams – Football—1869 (actually rugby)—Rutgers over Princeton

MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS Social function Social function Winning=fans=money=winning=fans=money Winning=fans=money=winning=fans=money Recruiting Recruiting Professional coaches Professional coaches Newspaper coverage Newspaper coverage Graduate managers Graduate managers Walter Camp controlled the collegiate football rules committee ( ) Walter Camp controlled the collegiate football rules committee ( )

Control established in colleges Control established in colleges – Injuries; property damage; class absences; rule confusion; gambling; drunkenness; professionalism; commercialism; loss of values – Benefits—improved health; taught values such as fair play and teamwork; diminished use of tobacco and alcohol; reduced rowdyism; improved discipline; enhanced school spirit MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Late 1800s—students unified various rules of sports Late 1800s—students unified various rules of sports Harvard faculty attempted to control class absences and to regulate athletic abuses Harvard faculty attempted to control class absences and to regulate athletic abuses – 1882—Harvard model with three faculty – 1885—added two students and one alumnus; – 1888—three faculty; three students; three alumni

– 1895—Midwestern colleges (Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives—today’s Big Ten) Required to be students Required to be students Six months residence for transfers Six months residence for transfers Must remain eligible academically Must remain eligible academically MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Representatives from 13 colleges attended the initial meeting in December, 1905, called by President MacCracken of New York University to investigate the future of football due to deaths and injuries, dishonesty, gambling, and eligibility; in January, 1906, a second meeting led to the establishment of the NCAA and the reform of football to prevent injuries and deaths; legalized the forward pass Representatives from 13 colleges attended the initial meeting in December, 1905, called by President MacCracken of New York University to investigate the future of football due to deaths and injuries, dishonesty, gambling, and eligibility; in January, 1906, a second meeting led to the establishment of the NCAA and the reform of football to prevent injuries and deaths; legalized the forward pass 1906—National Collegiate Athletic Association was established by 28 colleges 1906—National Collegiate Athletic Association was established by 28 colleges

AAU AND NCAA CONFLICTS Olympic team selection (1920s to the 1970s) Olympic team selection (1920s to the 1970s) – National Amateur Athletic Federation— 1922 Sanctioning of events Sanctioning of events Certification of records Certification of records 1978—Amateur Sports Act 1978—Amateur Sports Act

1929—Savage study of college athletics found problems as reported in American College Athletics 1929—Savage study of college athletics found problems as reported in American College Athletics – Commercialism – Loss of educational values PROBLEMS IN MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Faculty control—institutional or home rule Faculty control—institutional or home rule Conferences—save money; fewer classes missed; equal philosophy and size; rivalry Conferences—save money; fewer classes missed; equal philosophy and size; rivalry No seasonal coaches—in departments of physical education to gain faculty status No seasonal coaches—in departments of physical education to gain faculty status Rules of sports standardized and provide national tournaments (track and field—1921) Rules of sports standardized and provide national tournaments (track and field—1921) Recruitment and scholarship policies—Sanity Code ( ) Recruitment and scholarship policies—Sanity Code ( ) SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

National Junior College Athletic Association—1938 National Junior College Athletic Association—1938 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics— 1940 (only basketball until 1952) National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics— 1940 (only basketball until 1952) ORGANIZATIONS IN MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

Activities among participants “within the walls” of an institution Begun in 1913 at the University of Michigan under Elmer D. Mitchell Initially organized and funded by athletics Initially organized and funded by athletics Later, administered through departments of physical education Later, administered through departments of physical education Today, comprehensive campus recreation opportunities are provided within student affairs Today, comprehensive campus recreation opportunities are provided within student affairs INTRAMURALS

Constructive use of leisure time Opportunity to experience success Physical fitness Mental and emotional health Social interaction and contacts Esprit de corps Promote permanent participant interest Practice skills learned in physical education classes Training ground for future varsity athletes PURPOSES OF INTRAMURALS

Traditional intramurals—competitions in traditional team and individual sports; usually a fairly narrow offering of activities; league competition is well structured and organized; requires a solid commitment from participants Campus recreation includes non-athletic activities (games, crafts, dances, movies, etc.), special programs and workshops, open recreation, club sports, free play, faculty-staff programs, and co-recreation INTRAMURALS TO CAMPUS RECREATION

Club sports—groups of students, faculty, and staff who get together to share a mutual interest in a particular sport or activity; European concept that spread to this country, clubs are self-organized, administered, funded, coached, and otherwise maintained Funding – – State appropriations (within physical education) – – Student fees CLUB SPORTS AND FUNDING