What is to be known What is already known Problem Enquiry Raising questions for further investigations

Scientific methodEnquiry 1.Observation1. Description of a phenomenon 2.Problem2.Questions raised by the observation 3.Hypothesis3.Hypotheses 4.Experimentation4. Testing for logical consistency, support from observation, variables, limitations, etc. 5.Theory5. Further hypotheses 6.Further experimentation6.Testing for logical consistency, support from observations, variables, limitations, etc. 7.Law7.Conclusion: most probable hypothesis

Observation(s) Hypothesis(es) Method Results Analysis Conclusion(s)

Much research has been carried out in recent years into sleep. We know a great deal about the mechanics of sleep,and we are beginning to know about the biochemical changes involved. However, we are still a long way from finding out answers to such questions as how much sleep a person needs. We still need to know more about the kinds of effects that sleep deprivations causes. The fact that sleep deprivation causes numerous harmful effects suggests that the body requires sleep to restore itself. However, more research is needed to determine whether this is so or whether sleep is the result of adaptation to the environment. There is also the possibility that these two alternatives may not be incompatible.

Enquiry involves the interaction of observations and hypotheses Sleep deprivation causes numerous harmful effects Is sleep a way to restore the body? The fact that sleep deprivation causes numerous harmful effects suggests that the body requires sleep to restore itself.

Linguistic markers (The fact that) [observation] suggests that [hypothesis]. The fact that gorillas sleep for several hours at a stretch while small rodents sleep in burst of a few minutes suggests that each species has a typical sleep pattern. It is reasonable to suppose that [hypothesis]. This is borne out by the fact that [observation]. It is reasonable to suppose that each species has a typical sleep pattern. This is borne out by the fact that gorillas sleep for several hours at a stretch while small rodents sleep in burst of a few minutes. If [observation], then [hypothesis]. If gorillas sleep for several hours at a stretch while small rodents sleep in burst of a few minutes, then each species has a typical sleep pattern.

In Enquiry, Conclusion = open/another hypothesis. a definite conclusion = exposition (established knowledge being reported) A reader ends up with more questions about the phenomenon being discussed than before reading.

Discursive functions Introduction : (observation of a phenomenon) Stating the problem Deriving hypotheses Narrowing down the number of hypotheses Development: (experimentation) Testing correspondence between observation and hypotheses Narrowing down possibilities Describing the method and the equipment for investigation Noting variables, limitations, and challenges Analysis Conclusion : (two types) Restating hypotheses Discarding hypotheses and describing new possibilities Discursive functions Introduction : (observation of a phenomenon) Stating the problem Deriving hypotheses Narrowing down the number of hypotheses Development: (experimentation) Testing correspondence between observation and hypotheses Narrowing down possibilities Describing the method and the equipment for investigation Noting variables, limitations, and challenges Analysis Conclusion : (two types) Restating hypotheses Discarding hypotheses and describing new possibilities