Intro to Earth- Geosphere SJCHS. Geosphere Geosphere: Land on surface and interior of Earth.

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Presentation transcript:

Intro to Earth- Geosphere SJCHS

Geosphere Geosphere: Land on surface and interior of Earth

Geosphere Lithosphere: cool, rigid shell (made of rocks) Asthenosphere: part of mantle made of malleable rock Mesosphere: part of mantle made of solid rock

Geosphere Outer Core: Molten iron and nickel Causes Earth ’ s Magnetic field Inner Core: Solid iron and nickel

Plate Tectonics Theory of Plate Tectonics: Earth ’ s lithosphere is fragmented into a dozen plates that are moving

Plate Tectonics-History Early 1900s: Alfred Wegener proposes continental drift Continents were once one giant land mass (Pangaea) that had separated over time

Plate Tectonics-Evidence Continents look like a puzzle with pieces that fit together The same fossils were found on continents separated by oceans

Plate Tectonics-Evidence

Plate Boundaries Divergent Boundary: Plates are moving apart, forms new crust

Plate Boundaries Rifts: Surface cracking, can form oceans Mid ocean ridges: Newly formed (200 million years old) underwater mountain chains

Plate Boundaries

Convergent Boundaries: One plate sinks under another (subducts); forms trenches, mountains

Plate Boundaries

Transform-fault boundaries: 2 Plates sliding horizontally past each other

Plate Boundaries Active volcanoes and earthquakes tend to occur around most plate boundaries

Cause of Plate Tectonics Sea floor spreading or ridge pull: New lithosphere forms at mid ocean ridges (underwater mountains) causing plates to move

Cause of Plate Tectonics Convection in mantle causes motion of plates

Cause of Plate Tectonics Slab pull: As a plate subducts, it pulls the rest of the plate with it due to gravity

Volcano Volcano: A structure made of a combination of cooled molten rock and/or dust/rocks Fueled by magma that enters the crust from the mantle when a plate subducts

Volcano Lava: Molten rock Pyroclastic flow: A combination of hot ash, dust, and gases that travel at high speeds from eruption

Lava Basaltic: Thin lava, dark in color, high in temperature, flows quickly Rhyolitic: Thicker lava, light in color, lower temperature, flows slowly Andesitic: In-between other 2 types

Volcano Quiet eruptions: Lava only Explosive eruptions: Pyroclastic material and lava

Hot Spots feeling-hot-hot-hot/video-segments- violent-hawaii/1533/

Earthquake Earthquake: When a break between rocks (fault) moves causing ground vibrations (seismic waves)

Earthquake Body Waves: Travel through Earth P (primary) waves Fastest (6 km/s) Compressional waves: Cause change in volume and density of material

Earthquake S (secondary) waves Half speed of P waves Shear waves: Cause change in shape of material

Earthquake Surface waves: travel on surface of Earth half speed of S waves Can move ground vertically or horizontally

Earth Interior Can use seismic waves to determine composition of crust, mantle, core S waves only travel through solids P waves travel through solids and liquids P waves travel faster through solids, slower in liquids

Earthquake Earthquakes cause damage through shaking and liquefaction Liquefaction: Soil and sediment behaves like a liquid and cannot support structures

Earthquake Tsunami or Seismic Sea Wave A fault in the ocean slips or a large underwater land slide occurs Creates a fast moving wave ( km/hr) As waves reach shore, velocity decreases but height increases

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