a ten thousand foot view of the repository landscape Library Stewardship and the Evolving Scholarly Record 25 th Anniversary Conference of the National Repository Library, May 2015 Kuopio, Finland Constance Malpas, OCLC Research

NRL, 1990 CRL, 1949 UC NRLF, 1982ReCAP, 2000CTLES, ‘50 Mo I Rana, 1989 CARM, 1997 Metadata guidelines, Institution scale infrastructure Group scale infrastructure Coordinated operations Harvard Depository, 1986 WEST, 2010 HathiTrust Shared Print, 2015 CBUC GEPA,2008 Growth of Print Repository & Shared Print Infrastructure 25 years EAST, 2016RLUK?UKB? UKRR, 2007 BL Boston Spa, 1961

Evolving scholarly record Collection directions

Framing the Scholarly Record … OCLC Research, 2014Figure: Evolving Scholarly Record framework.

OCLC Research, 2014Figure: Evolving Scholarly Record framework, publishing venues. Fabric of Scientific Practice, Scholarly Communication

Scholarly record is evolving Increasing volume of content Increasing diversity, complexity of content Increasing diffusion, distribution of custodial responsibilityof Stewardship models are evolving Greater attention to system-wide context Increasing specialization, formal division of labor Deepening reliance on resource sharing networks Parallel Trends Interdependent repository infrastructure: print, digital, open, commercial print, digital, open, commercial

Collections as a service Collection directions

Owned Catalog Available LibGuides, etc Licensed KB/Discovery Global Google, ResearchGate, etc … Separation of discovery & collection: Focus shifts from owned to facilitated (available) Focus shifts from collection to other services (creation, …) System-wide thinking becomes stronger. Separation of discovery & collection: Focus shifts from owned to facilitated (available) Focus shifts from collection to other services (creation, …) System-wide thinking becomes stronger. OCLC Research, 2015.Figure: Discoverability redefines collection boundaries.

The ‘owned’ collection The ‘facilitated’ collection The ‘licensed’ collection The ‘borrowed’ collection Pointing people at Google Scholar Including freely available e-books in the catalog Creating resource guides for web resources Purchased and physically stored A collections spectrum The ‘demand-driven’ collection The ‘shared print’ collection OCLC Research, 2015.Figure: A collections spectrum.

Shared Print Collection directions

11 Shared Print ‘Right-scaling’ management of print resources, shift to above-the-institution strategies Opportunity costs of maintaining institution- scale operations are high Early efforts focused on journals (low risk, high return); attention shifting to monographs Goal: increase operational efficiencies for managing print, enable strategic redirection of library resources

A In few collections In many collections Licensed Purchased Outside, in OCLC Collections Grid Distinctive Library as broker Maximize efficiency Then Low Stewardship High Stewardship Inside, out Library as provider Maximize discoverability Now Figure: OCLC Collections Grid, shift in emphasis. OCLC Research, Core

In few collections In many collections A Licensed Purchased Shared print Commercial repositories Maximize efficiency OCLC Collections Grid Distinctive Low Stewardship High Stewardship Core Inside, out Institutional repositories Maximize discoverability Figure: OCLC Collections Grid, shift in emphasis. OCLC Research, Demand-driven acquisitions Outside, in Workflow support

Collection Directions Then: Value relates to depth and breadth of local collection. Now: Value relates to system-wide curation of and access to print collections – ‘right-scaling’. 14 Decision support through shared data.

Right-scaling stewardship Collection directions

North American print book resource: 45.7 million distinct publications million total library holdings North American print book resource: 45.7 million distinct publications million total library holdings Figure: North American Regional Print Book Collections. OCLC Research, 2013.

Mega-regions & Shared Print Initiatives OCLC Research, 2013 Orbis- Cascade CIC ASERL SCELC MSCS WRLC OCUL GWLA WEST FLARE Many North American consortia are mobilizing around ‘group-scale’ shared print programs Figure: North American Mega-regions and shared print activity. OCLC Research, COPPUL

ChiPitts CIC-scale shared print program could preserve 58% of regional collection SCELC-scale shared print program could preserve 47% of regional collection Char-lanta ASERL-scale shared print program could preserve 67% of regional resource Group scale OCLC Research, 2013 Figure: Regional impacts of consortial print stewardship. OCLC Research, 2014.

As of December 2014: 1.46 million titles held in US shared print repositories + ??? titles in undisclosed shared print collections High concentrations in Maine, Florida and New York Figure: Geographic concentration of shared print inventory. OCLC Research, ~3% of print book collection? ~1% of print journal collection?

Beyond North America In 2015: Examining collective print book collection of 34 RLUK members to support shared print planning efforts Analyzing collective library holdings of 13 Dutch universities, exploring system-wide library characteristics Deepening our understanding of ‘systemness’ in different national contexts

Thiophene Guy “Ballroom dancing during the Belle Epoch. 1902” (flickr) CC BY-NC-SA. Original image from Library of Congress Selection pressure finding the right partner(s) to maximize success

HathiTrust Multi-scalar strategies HathiTrust Duke RLUK TRLN ASERL HathiTrust UKRR HathiTrust PiCarta White Rose Leeds UKB Utrecht simultaneous participation in cooperative efforts operating at multiple scales ? UC system Figure: Multi-scalar library partnerships. OCLC Research, UCLA WEST LERU?

Dan Morelle “Lefty” (flickr) CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 New demands on coordination capacity Increased need for system-awareness Growing dependence on data-driven decision support for group-scale operations More attention to performance metrics

…regional impact …return on (public) investment …economies of scale Coordination capacity Facilitated collection

Key characteristics 1.broader awareness of system-wide stewardship context 2.declarations of explicit commitments around portions of local collection 3.formal division of labor within cooperative arrangements 4.increased reliance on trusted networks for reciprocal access Key characteristics 1.broader awareness of system-wide stewardship context 2.declarations of explicit commitments around portions of local collection 3.formal division of labor within cooperative arrangements 4.increased reliance on trusted networks for reciprocal access Implications for libraries 1.importance of multi-scalar partnerships grows 2.cataloging, resource-sharing workflows re-engineered to support collection-level behaviors 3.local stewardship commitments aligned with institutional priorities 4.increased scrutiny of ROI for collaborative partnerships Implications for libraries 1.importance of multi-scalar partnerships grows 2.cataloging, resource-sharing workflows re-engineered to support collection-level behaviors 3.local stewardship commitments aligned with institutional priorities 4.increased scrutiny of ROI for collaborative partnerships Consciously coordinated stewardship

Stewardship of the Evolving Scholarly Record : From the Invisible Hand to Conscious Coordination By Brian Lavoie & Constance Malpas [in press] More information...