The Multi-object APO Radial-Velocity Exoplanet Large- area Survey (MARVELS) with the SDSS Telescope Jian Ge, University of Florida Steering Committee Members: E. Ford, E. Agol, S. Guadi, S. Seager, H. Ford & D. Schneider Other MARVELS team members: D. Lin, S. Ida, T. Beers, J. Valenti, S. Hawley, & J. Johnson UF Staff and Postdocs: S. Mahadevan, X. Wan, B. Zhao, J. Groot, B. Lee, S. Kane, M.C. Galvez, C. Werner, J. Liu, H. Zhou & Z. Chen UF Grads: J. van Eyken, P. Guo, S. Fleming, J. Crepp, R. Cohen, & J. Wang Collaborators: G. Henry, W. Cochran, L. Ramsey, D. Montes, E. Martin, F. Leger, S. Snedden, K. Pan, D. Long, S. Shaklan, T. Wang, Y. Wei & J. Zhou

Status of Planet Theory and Observations Ida & Lin, 2004

Three Key Technical Elements Enabling MARVELS I. Wide field of view of the SDSS telescope: 7 square degree W.M. Keck Exoplanet Tracker (Keck ET) II. Innovative multi-object Doppler dispersed fix-delay interferometer technique ET fibers SDSS fibers III. Flexibility of SDSS fiber plugging: adding more ET instruments and/or other survey instruments (such as APOGEE and BOSS )

Schematic Layout for an ET Doppler Instrument HET Fiber Fringes Dispersed Fringes Iodine Cell Fibers Telescope Detector Erskine & Ge (2000), Ge et al. (2002), Ge (2002) Medium resolution spectrograph R= ,000

Stellar Absorption Line fringes and Doppler sensitivity Doppler shift:  V  

Observations of HD Field with Keck ET in Dec. 2006, 59 fringe spectra of MS stars with V = ~750 stars are being surveyed at the SDSS telescope since Nov. 06

MARVELS Baseline: ~1000 square degree of sky coverage, mainly along Galactic plane ~33 RV measurements over 1.5 years per field ~10 m/s for a V=11 FGK dwarfs in an hour >200 new planets around FGK dwarfs, ~11 transit planets, ~40 planets around giant stars, ~20 planets around active/young stars Detect > 50% Jupiter mass planets at 1 year orbit Simultaneous 120 object high precision RV measurements with two Keck ET interferometric spectrographs in the optical (  m) with R= ,000 FGK dwarfs and subgiants with V=8-12 & 3,000 G and K giants with V=8-11 in , minimal metallicity and age bias

V Magnitude Exploration Regime for MARVELS

MARVELS vs. Other Planned Big Surveys in the Next Decade

The first extrasolar planet (ET-1, HD , V=8.1, G8V) detected by Exoplanet Tracker (ET) with KPNO 0.9m Coude (Ge et al. 2006) K=63.4 m/s, P=4.11 days, Msini=0.49 M sun, e=0.064, a=0.049 AU Artistic impression of ET-1 planet

KPNO ET Doppler Precision and Long Term Stability rms =2.5 m/s, photon limiting error =1.9 m/s rms =5.3 m/s, photon limiting error =4.1 m/s long term stability = 3.3 m/s over 1 month

Confirmed Known Planets by Keck ET at the SDSS Telescope in HD , V=7.7, G0V HD , V=8.14, K0

Keck ET Doppler Precision and Long Term Stability Sept – Oct 06 (45 days) Photon limiting precision ~ 6 m/s Long term stability ~ 10 m/s over ~2 months Dec. 06– Mar. 07 (70 days)

Part of RV Measurements in November 2006 and February 2007

Two Planet Candidates from the SDSS ET Pilot Survey in November 2006 V=10.59 V=11.39

In the Red (  m), search ~1,200 M dwarfs for ~50 terrestrial like planets including habitable planets Search ~40,000 nearby bright F, G, K stars (V< 13) over ~1000 square deg of sky Detect all planets with periods < 18 months and identify planet candidates with longer periods Detect >500 planets, >50 transit planets One 10-object Red ET for M dwarfs Sloan focal plane The Full-scale MARVELS survey Six 60-object optical ET for F,G and K stars Fiber couplers One 15-object optical EXPERT for FGK dwarfs In the optical (  m), detect ~100 super earth mass planets around 1,500 F,G,K dwarfs

Star and Planet Mass Exploration Regime for MARVELS

Detection of Earth-like short period planets with MARVELS- EXPERT instrument in optical 2 Earth mass planet, 2.2 day period around a solar type star, K= 1m/s  = 1m/s, 60 measurements, clear detection with 0.1% FAP

Red Multi-object ET Survey of M Dwarfs with solar mass Habitable Zones around M0V-M5V are at AU Red RV 10 m/s detection limit Courtesy of Seager and Valenti ~5 m/s for M0V-M5V dwarfs with I =10 in an hour ~7-20 earth mass habitable planets Holy grail region for red ET survey!

Three Phases for MARVELS Phase I: feasibility study with a prototype, : first light at Sloan in Mar. Apr. 2005, completed Phase II, trial and pilot survey program, : 1 st Keck ET instrument with 59 star capability, 470 stars are being surveyed 2 nd Keck ET instrument with 60 star capability, August 2007, ~3,000 stars during bright time in , ~ 30 planets Phase III, the MARVELS survey ( ) The initial survey starts with 120 object capability A goal is to have a total of 360 star capability with six full-scale optical ETs, one Red ET and one EXPERT ~40,000 stars, >500 planets Red multi-object ET and EXPERT (need funds) Clone two optical spectrographs (need funds)

Future Precision Planet Theory and Observation Studies