WORLD WAR I The War To End All Wars

Causes of the War 1. Nationalism 1. Nationalism 2. Imperialism 2. Imperialism 3. Militarism 3. Militarism 4. Alliance System 4. Alliance System

Nationalism Nation-state a feeling of being loyal to and proud of a person’s country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries a feeling of being loyal to and proud of a person’s country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government

Imperialism Stronger nation exerts its will over a weaker nation Stronger nation exerts its will over a weaker nation Why would this lead to tensions in Europe? Why would this lead to tensions in Europe?

Militarism Building up a countries military Building up a countries military Conscription Conscription Is it important to have a strong military? Is it important to have a strong military? Should we continue to pay large amounts of money to fund our military? Should we continue to pay large amounts of money to fund our military? EXPLAIN EXPLAIN

Alliance System TRIPLE ENTENTE TRIPLE ENTENTE Britain Britain France France Russia Russia TRIPLE ALLIANCE TRIPLE ALLIANCE Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary Germany Germany Italy Italy WHY IS THIS SYSTEM DANGEROUS? WHY IS THIS SYSTEM DANGEROUS?

Assassination June 28 th 1914 June 28 th 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke Franz Ferdinand Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

THE WAR BEGINS A-H gets a “blank check” from Germany What is that? A-H gets a “blank check” from Germany What is that? A-H declared war on Serbia. A-H declared war on Serbia. Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia What is mobilization? Russia mobilizes to defend Serbia What is mobilization? Germany declares war on Russia. Germany declares war on Russia. –France now at war with Germany Germany invades Belgium Germany invades Belgium –Result Britain at war with Germany Australia, India, S Africa, Canada, NZ Australia, India, S Africa, Canada, NZ –Japan in b/c ally Britain

Central Powers vs Allies CP CP –Germany A-HOttoman Empire –Bulgaria Allies Allies –RussiaItalyFrance –BritainUS (1917)

The Great War 1. Full mobilization 1. Full mobilization 2. Planned economies 2. Planned economies –What is this? Why would a country do this? 3. Propaganda 3. Propaganda –What is this? Why do it? Women played a role HOW? Women played a role HOW? What happened when the war was over? What happened when the war was over?

The Schlieffen Plan August 3, 1914 August 3, 1914 –Germany invades Belgium Push to Paris Push to Paris –Hold Russia –Rejoin armies to attack Russia.

The Schlieffen Plan

Fronts Western Western France & England France & England Vs Vs Germany Germany Fought in Belgium and France Fought in Belgium and France Eastern Eastern Russia Russia Vs Vs Germany Germany A-H A-H OE OE

Trench Warfare Three Main Kinds of Trenches Front Line, Support, Reserve

New Weapons Submarines Submarines Giant artillery Giant artillery Tanks Tanks Poison gas Poison gas Airplane Airplane Dirigibles Dirigibles

1914 FIRST BATTLE OF MARNE(FRANCE) FIRST BATTLE OF MARNE(FRANCE) –FRENCH Stopped GERMAN advance into PARIS –Begins trench warfare FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES(BELGIUM) FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES(BELGIUM) –Tried to keep Germans from the coast –Allied victory but caused a stalemate

nd Battle of Ypres 2 nd Battle of Ypres –Germans destroy the city –1 st use of chlorine gas –Only German offensive of 1915 Gallipoli Campaign ( ) Gallipoli Campaign ( ) –Attempt by the Allies to destroy fortifications along the Dardanelles –Against the Ottoman Turks –FAILED

1916 Battle of the Somme Battle of the Somme –1 st major British offensive –Largest one day loses for British ever (59,000) –Very little progress on either side –1 st use of tanks Battle of Verdun Battle of Verdun –Battle of attrition (What is that?) –Tremendous loss of life

rd Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3 rd Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) –Allied offensive –Heavy losses

1918 Battle of Chateau-Thierry Battle of Chateau-Thierry –US involved Argonne Offensive Argonne Offensive –Alvin York –Killed 26 and captured 132 Germans 2 nd Battle of the Marne 2 nd Battle of the Marne –Last German offensive

Election of 1916 Election of 1916 Election of 1916 –Woodrow Wilson “He kept us out of war” “He kept us out of war”

US ENTERS WAR US ENTERS WAR –1. Unrestricted U-boat warfare –2. Zimmerman Note –3. Economic interests May 7, 1915 May 7, 1915 –U-Boat sank British liner Lusitania March 1916 March 1916 –Germany attacked the Sussex (Fr) –Sussex Pledge

The Zimmerman Letter Berlin, January 19, 1917 Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.... If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.... You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. Zimmerman (Secretary of State) Zimmerman (Secretary of State)

Raising an Army The Draft Selective Service Act all men must register for military service SOON CHANGED

Armenian Genocide Christians in the Ottoman Empire Christians in the Ottoman Empire –2-2.5million Armenians prior to WWI –1-1.5 million killed WHY? WHY? Why was nothing ever done? Why was nothing ever done?

THE ARMISTICE SIGNED On the 11 th hour, on the 11 th day, in the 11 th month of 1918 On the 11 th hour, on the 11 th day, in the 11 th month of 1918 Armistice Day is now known as Veteran’s Day. Armistice Day is now known as Veteran’s Day.

Allied casualties France1.4 million4.26 million UK million Russia million US116,708205,690 Japan Italy651,000954,000 TOTAL5,712,37912,809,280

Central Powers A-H1.1million3.6 million A-H1.1million3.6 million Bulgaria 87, ,390 Bulgaria 87, ,390 Germany2.05million4.25million Germany2.05million4.25million Ottoman 771, ,000 Ottoman 771, ,000 TOTAL4,010,2418,419,533 TOTAL4,010,2418,419,533

TOTAL LOSSES Military deaths Military deaths –9,722,620 Civilian Deaths Civilian Deaths –5,875,000 TOTAL DEATHSTOTAL WOUNDED TOTAL DEATHSTOTAL WOUNDED –16,543,86821,228,813

Wilson’s 14 Points 1st 5 points 1st 5 points –Prevent another war 6-13 points 6-13 points –Boundary changes (self-determination) 14 th point 14 th point –Create “A LEAGUE OF NATIONS”

The Big Four -Woodrow Wilson David Lloyd George- -Georges Clemenceau Vittorio Orlando-

Treaty of Versailles 1. Territory 1. Territory Lost all colonies Lost all colonies Lost border lands Lost border lands 2. Germany military 2. Germany military No u-boats only small navy No u-boats only small navy No airforce No airforce No conscription (only 100,000 Vols) No conscription (only 100,000 Vols) 3. Pay reparations 3. Pay reparations ($33 billion) ($460 Today) ($33 billion) ($460 Today)