CELLS Organization of Living Organisms

Lesson 1 Cell Theory

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Hooke English philosopher Used primitive microscopes under coarse adjustment to view specimens. Coined the term “cell” in the 1600’s

LEUWENHOEK Anton Von Leuwenhoek studied pond water to observe its living contents SCHLEIDEN & SCHWANN Mattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann determined the first point of the cell theory: All organisms are made up of cells

Cell Theory 1.ALL organisms are made of one or more cells 2.The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things 3.ALL cells arise from preexisting cells

Cells specialize and are grouped into tissues  Different tissues combine to form organs  Several organs form systems to carry out life functions

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic SmallSimple No nucleus (DNA/RNA float in cell) GrowReproduce Respond to environment Ex: bacteria LargeComplex Have nucleus (contains DNA/RNA) Have organelles GrowReproduce Respond to environment Ex: plants, animals, fungi, insects etc

Cells = The basic structure of life! Cells have specific structures that perform specific jobs called ORGANELLES Organelles are floating in the jellylike substances in the cell called CYTOPLASM

In class assignment

Homework Cell Theory Worksheet

Lesson 2 Organelles

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Organelles 1.Nucleus 2.Mitochondria 3.Vacuoles 4.Ribosomes 5.Endoplasmic Reticulum 6.Lysosome 7.Golgi Body 8.Cell Membrane 9.Chloroplast 10.Cell Wall 11.Cilia 12.Flagellum 13.Centriole

Nucleus “Control Center” - Large structure - Controls cell metabolism metabolism - Stores genetic information (DNA) in chromosomes chromosomes Nucleolus – subunit of the nucleus makes ribosomes

Mitochondria “Powerhouse” - Pod shaped with enzymes that extract energy from nutrients by cellular respiration using O2 - Generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ENERGY - Double membrane folds called Cristae

Vacuoles Storage sacs that contain wastes, water or food, some pump out excess H20 (contractile) Large central vacuole in plants holds H20

Ribosomes Site of protein building – tiny structures Some are attached to membranes (endoplasmic reticulum) others just float in the cytoplasm of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum System of channels through the cell – communication and transport - Smooth ER: no ribosomes - Rough ER: has ribosomes

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes “suicide sacs” Join with vacuoles to break down food – If the lysosome ruptures or breaks the cell will die

Golgi Body Packages secretions and transports materials, which are then carried in vesicles through the cytoplasm to other parts of the cell, or are are excreted from the cell

In class assignment Color Plant and Animal Cells

Homework “Worksheet - Organelles

Lesson 3 Plant vs. Animal Cells

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Chloroplast Only found in plant cells and some protists  site of photosynthesis (making food) - Capture light energy and convert to usable energy

Cell Wall Rigid outside wall around plant cells (cellulose)

Centrioles Tubules in animal cells used to hold and move chromosomes

Cilia Short hairlike structures

Flagellum Long hairlike structures

Plant vs. Animal PLANTS 1. 1.Chloroplast 2. 2.Cell Wall 3. 3.Large Vacuole ANIMAL 1. 1.Centrioles

In class assignment Plant vs. Animal Lab

Homework Complete lab Cells Research and Design Worksheet

Lesson 4 Cell Membrane

Do Now Brain Pop Worksheet “Cells”

Cell Membrane Thin structure that surround the cell – composed of lipids and proteins

Important functions of the Cell Membrane 1. Separates contents of cell from outside environment 2. Controls which molecules enter and leave the cell (selective barrier) 3. Recognize and respond to chemical signals with “receptor” molecules  allow interactions between cells

Fluid/Semi-permeable Membrane Receptor molecules used between nerve cells and at sites where hormones work - Molecules are transported across the cell membrane by 2 means

In class assignment Create a Plasma Membrane

Homework

Lesson 5 Molecular Transport

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Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration directly through membrane simple diffusion no energy needed help through a protein channel facilitated diffusion (with help) no energy needed HIGH LOW

DIFFUSION Collisions between molecules cause them to continually spread apart Movement occurs until molecules are equally distributed = EQUILIBRIUM

Simple vs. facilitated diffusion inside cell outside cell lipid inside cell outside cell H2OH2O simple diffusionfacilitated diffusion H2OH2O protein channel

Active Transport Movement of molecules from low to high concentration (riding a bike uphill) Must use ENERGY or ATP to move molecules Move in and out until the molecules reach EQUALIBRIUM

In class assignment Transport Demonstration

Homework Movement across a membrane worksheet

Lesson 6 Osmosis

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Osmosis Diffusion of WATER across a cell membrane High to low concentration Cells are 98% water and 2% dissolved minerals

Osmosis If the liquid that surrounds the cell has the same concentration of water as the cytoplasm no net diffusion occurs in either direction (molecules move at equal rates) If the water concentration is low and solute is high the cell membrane will shrink If the water concentration is high and solute is low the cell membrane will expand.. Cell will burst

Osmosis If the liquid outside of the cell has a high concentration of water (less solute) than the cytoplasm, water will diffuse into the cell If the liquid outside of the cell has a lower concentration of water (more solute) than the cytoplasm water will diffuse out of the cell

Keeping Water Balance Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss

In class assignment Diffusion, Osmosis, and Cell Transport Worksheet

Homework Practice Exam

Lesson 7 Review

In class assignment Review Question Worksheet Practice Regents Questions