Energy Transformations and Global Interdependence Part I Non-Renewable Energy Sources: Availability, sources, mining/extraction, current uses, environmental impact, chemistry of hydrocarbon combustion and thermal dynamics, prospects for non- renewable energies in the future

Objectives: Energy Transformations and Global Interdependence ► ► Describe the availability, current uses and environmental issues related to the use of fossil and nuclear fuels to produce electricity. ► ► Explain how chemical and physical processes cause carbon to cycle through the major earth reservoirs.

Various sources of energy are used by humans and all have advantages and disadvantages.

Renewable vs. Non-renewable Energy Sources

Non-Renewable Energy

Non-Renewable Resources

Fossil Fuels: ► Formed by the decaying remains of ancient plants and animals ► Took millions of years to produce ► Obtained energy originally from the sun ► Combustion produces CO 2 and other pollutants ► Generates most of the energy that is used each day ► Non-renewable: not easily replaced by natural processes

Fossil Fuels availability current uses & environmental issues

These websites contain additional notes and some have videos that provide alternative lectures as well as visual information ► els.htm els.htm els.htm ► o_id= o_id= o_id=40991 ► spx?CategoryID= spx?CategoryID= spx?CategoryID=2484

Calorimetry Lab Please read this lab and take any necessary notes in your lab notebook. This is the first lab in a series of quantitative energy labs. We will focus on careful lab techniques that will Hopefully result in reliable data. Make the data table from the lab in your lab notebook /lbrun/chemweb/Unit_9/Calorimet ry_lab_2010.pdf /lbrun/chemweb/Unit_9/Calorimet ry_lab_2010.pdf

The combustion reactions of hydrocarbons

Fossil Fuels : a concentrated energy source ► Burning fossil fuels : C and H atoms combine with O 2 molecules to form CO 2 and H 2 O ► This process converts the CHEMICAL Potential Energy stored in in the bonds to heat and light energy

Hydrocarbon Combustion ► Hydrocarbons release CO 2 and H 2 O When burned, example: ► CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O

Complete Combustion of hydrocarbons: excess O 2 (g) products are CO 2 (g) & H 2 O(g) burns with clean flame

INCOMPLETE HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION insufficient O 2 (g), that is, excess hydrocarbon products are either CO(g) and/or C(s) and H 2 O(g) burns with smoky flame

Climate Change EPA e/ e/

Amount of energy released by burning one gram of fuel ► Burning 1kg of coal releases 2 to 3 times the energy of 1kg of wood ► Fossil fuel energy is more concentrated compared to other fuels

Energy Usage in the United States ► Almost 85% comes from burning petroleum, coal, and natural gas

Petroluem – Crude Oil ► Mixture of thousands of chemical compounds ► Most are hydrocarbons ► ~15% are used to make plastics, synthetic fabrics, lubricants asphalt ► Separated by Fractional Distillation

Fractional distillation ► onmental/energy/oil-refining4.htm onmental/energy/oil-refining4.htm

Natural Gas ► Mostly Methane—CH 4 ► Found at the top of petroleum deposits ► Burned to provide energy for cooking, heating and manufacturing ► Contains MORE energy per kilogram than petroleum or coal

Coal ► Originate from ancient swamps, mostly plant materials ► Greater abundance of coal worldwide( 20 to 40 times the supply of petroleum) ► Solid fuel found in mines ► About 90% of all coal used in the US is burned to generate electricity ► Highly pollutant: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury are emitted when burned

In Summary, fossil fuels are: ► Naturally occurring substances found on earth’s surface ► Produced from the decayed remains of organic matter from millions of years ago ► Mainly made of carbon or hydrocarbon compounds ► Found as coal, oil and natural gas

Pros to non-renewables ► High caloric value; produces a lot of energy ► Combustable, but highly stable ► High efficiency fuels ► Available: found easily on the surface of earth ► Easily refined and mined ► Relatively cheap source of energy ► Easily transported

Cons to non-renewable resources ► Large amount of CO 2 is released when burned ► Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas ► Acid rain is formed as a consequence of burning fossil fuels and release of SO 2 ► Mining destroys landscape for future uses ► Non-renewable means less supply and more demand in future

Next … How are non-renewable resources obtained, refined, and used