L EADERSHIP T HEORIES & P RACTICE HBD 6776 Dr. Kimanya Ards

N ONVERBAL COMMUNICATION The intentional and/or unintentional use of communication without the use of spoken words

C OMMUNICATION Intentional-Unintentional Communication Intentional messages are communication with a purpose. Unintentional messages may be transmitted by action as well as by words.

C OMMUNICATION Nonverbal Communication Visual cues Facial expression Eye contact Body positioning Hand gestures Style of dress Physical appearance Body movements

C HANNELS OF NVC Body gestures Facial expressions Eye movement Smell Personal space Appearance Time Tone Touch Artifacts

B ODY GESTURES  Kinesics  The study of body movement  Body orientation  The way in which we face our body, head, or feet away or towards someone  Posture  The position in which you are sitting

I NTERPRETATIONS OF B ODY GESTURES Candidness Open hands Defensiveness Arms crossed, pulling away Uncertainty Biting fingernails, twiddling hands Cooperation Sitting on edge of chair

E YE M OVEMENT Oculesics The study of eye movement Eye-contact Mutual gaze Pupil size

I NTERPRETATION OF EYE MOVEMENT Genuine Maintaining eye contact Nervous Gaze avoidance Gaze omission

P ERSONAL SPACE Proxemics The study of the way we use space to communicate Two dimensions Distance Territoriality

I NTERPRETATION OF PERSONAL SPACE Cooperative sitting side-by-side Competitors face one another Nervous shaking sweaty hands

T IME Chronemics – How humans perceive, structure, and use time as communication

F UNCTIONS OF NVC Repeating Complementing Substituting Accenting Regulating Contradicting

H OW CAN YOU IMPROVE ON YOUR NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Establish and maintain eye contact Appropriate posture Reduce physical barriers Improve decoding skills Avoid assuming meaning behind nonverbal cues

LISTENING VS. HEARING Listening The ability to hear and understand verbal messages and effectively explain the intent of the message Hearing Acknowledgement that words are being spoken via sound waves

The stages of listening Hearing Perceiving sound Attending The ability to filter some messages with the intent to focus on other messages Understanding Effective translating the intentions of the message Responding Produce feedback Remembering The ability to store information for later use if needed

C OMMUNICATION Improving listening skills: Pay attention to differences in thinking styles. Suspend judgment Explain things in the other person’s thinking pattern

E NHANCE COMMUNICATION SKILLS Become an active listener (PREPARE) Paraphrase Recognize (analyzing) Empathize (supporting) Probing (questioning) Acknowledging (prompting) Reacting (judging) Expanding (advising)

T YPES OF LISTENERS Critic Faker Continual talker Busy body I can do better Hand on the knob Finish the sentence for you Rapid note taker

A SSIGNMENTS Test questions are due Presentations for week 7 assignment is due

Got questions

R EFERENCES Barnlund, D. C. (1968). Interpersonal Communication: Survey and Studies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Floyd, K. (2009). Interpersonal communication: The whole story. Boston: McGraw Hill. Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. The Process and Effects of Communication, ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.