The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub1 The Human

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub2 Human Major Senses: The central senses: 4 stages of human information processing Visual Perception(VP) 2 approaches in explaining VP The capabilities and limitation of visual processing Reading Hearing Others Memory –3 types Thinking Learning Errors Skill acquisition Mental-models, knowledge –importance –structural and Functional models Metaphors –icons Conceptual Models Cognitive Models Social and Organizational Aspects Content

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub3 Human Major Senses: “human information processing” Vision Hearing Touch Taste Smell

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub4 The central senses: Vision Hearing Touch

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub5 4 stages of human information processing  Encoding  Comparison  Response selection  Response execution plus  The processes of attention and memory

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub6 The perceptual system The mental apparatus that translates sensations of the physical world as detected by the body’s sensory system into internal representations in the mind.

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub7 Visual Perception - use in design of visual interfaces Perceiving size and depth -visual angle, visual acuity perceiving brightness - the amount of light emitted by an object Perceiving colour - hue, intensity and saturation

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub8 2 approaches in explaining visual perception  The constructivist – perception involves the intervention of representation and memories  The ecological – perception is a direct process, information is simply detected rather than being constructed

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub9 The capabilities and limitation of visual processing Visual processing involves the transformation and interpretation of image Our expectation is an important factor in what will be interprated Eg. Ambiguous shapes, Muller-Lyer, Ponzo, text Perception - the process of becoming aware of objects representation - appearance of things

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub10 How do you interpret figure a and b? a b

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub11 Reading Steps of reading: 1) visual pattern perceived 2) decoded to an internal representation 3) syntactic and semantic analysis Eye, jerky movements (saccades), fixation (during which perception occurs) Adults read 250 word/minute Words are recognize as quickly as a single character Capitalizing words will effect speed and accuracy

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub12 RED BLACK YELLOW BLUE RED GREEN YELLOW BLACK BLUE BLACK RED YELLOW GREEN BLUE GREEN ZYP QLEKF SUWRG XCIDB WOPR ZYP QLEKF XCIDB SUWRG WOPR SUWRG ZYP XCIDB QLEKF WOPR

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub13 PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergik epasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampa iDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpa iikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalu membelinyadenganhatiyangriangria PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergike pasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDi pasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiika nyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumemb elinyadenganhatiyangriangria.

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub14 Hearing The human ear- outer ear (protect and amplify) processing sound –middle ear (vibration occurs and transmit to inner ear) –inner ear (send impulses to the auditory nerves) We can determine what and where 20 Hz<Frequency < 15 kHz

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub15 Others Touch - hot, cold, feeling of action such as picking up a glass, pressing the keys on the keyboard –Important means of feedback Movement = reaction time + movement time –movement time depends on the physical abilities ( age, fitness) –reaction time (speed of senses)

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub16 Memory Sensory - iconic, echoic and haptic memory Short-term -scratch-pad for temporary recall –35*6 –examples number sequence, chunking, meaning Long-term - episodic memory (events) –semantic memory (facts, concepts and skills) –remember, forgetting and retrieval

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub17 3 types of memory  Sensory store – holds information for a very brief period of time (a few tenth of a second)  Short-term memory store - holds limited information for a short period of time (a few seconds)  Permanent long-term memory store - holds information indefinitely

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub18 examples HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub20 Thinking Reasoning - deductive, inductive and abductive Problem-Solving

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub21 examples If the light is on then the day is getting darker The light is on Therefore…. Some people are criminals Some criminals are murderers

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub22 Statement: If a card has a vowel in one side it has an even number on the other. Which card will you need to pick up to test the statement? 4E7K

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub23 examples There are 8 glasses of water in the kitchen. You need to carry them to the dinner table in the dining room. How would you go about doing the above task?

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub24 Learning Learning by doing, like driving a car Computer systems - manual, steps written in such a way that make user feel overloaded users use prior knowledge to use a new system Errors Skill acquisition

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub25 Errors 2 types: –Mistakes:occur through conscious deliberation –Slips:done unintentionally A captured error -frequent activity to intended action description error - action on wrong object data-driven error - external data interruption of action associative-activation error - internal thoughts interruption of action loss of activation error -forgetting something in the middle of action mode error -being in a state without knowing it

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub26 Skill acquisition Declarative - facts about the world Procedural - how we do things inability to absorb and put into action declarative instruction will lead to problems in learning how to use a system offer few options so declarative knowledge small later on can use more complicated systems

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub27 Mental-models, knowledge Knowledge - analogical, propositional, distributed network of general knowledge - the schemata Mental-models - the model people have of themselves, others, the environment and the things with which they interact

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub28 Why mental-models are important? To design interfaces that match user’s mental models >> not easy since actual mental model experiments are difficult to find What is the difference between images and mental models? Analogy of a movie, the frame and the short snippets of a movie

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub29 Structural and Functional models Structural - describes how devices and systems works Functional- describes how to use devices and systems

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub30 Metaphors What are metaphors? Descriptions of an abstract concept in a familiar form Verbal, Interface metaphors eg. Describing using the save and find files system in a word processor

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub31 Icons  Resemblance- a  Exemplar- b  Symbolic- c  Arbitrary- d abcd

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub32 Conceptual model A model of how human understand things around them. Cognitive model A representation of some aspect of the mind, involving the acquisition of knowledge (understanding, remembering, reasoning, learning)

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub33 Traditional cognitive framework in HCI Incomplete -individual user performing various tasks at the interface in an inadequate conceptual framework. More practical view of the cognitive framework The design of real systems for real people to carry out real work activities in real organizational settings.

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub34 2 approaches in cognitive psychology describing the activity of the brain Computational approaches – conceptualize the cognitive system in terms of goals, planning and action involve in task performance Connectionist approaches – simulate behaviour through using programming models

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub35 Distributed cognition A theory whose goal is to provide an explanation that goes beyond the individual. In distributed cognition“functional systems”is  The collection of actors  Computer systems and technology  The environmental setting

The Human -02by Mohamad Nizam Ayub36 Social and OrganizationalAspects Group commnunications: –face-to-face, multi-party conversations –computer-mediated multi-party communication constraints such as the images and sound that can be transmitted across the communication line appearance of users Organization- paperles, automated office, electronic cottage, global village