NAVIGATION OLD AND NEW - 1492

Astrolabe – Indicates direction north and south (latitude) by using stars (Invented by the Arabs)

Hour Glass – Used to tell distance East and West Judge high noon, each hour from this point = 15° longitude (Really an educated guess)

Log and Line – Indicates speed in knots

Rutter – (pronounced Rooter) Personal records of the captain (hopefully accurate)

Compass- Indicated direction Invented by the Chinese in the 2nd century – used for navigation by 11th century

Dead Reckoning – Location by sight Used landmarks and shore to go farther away from port (similar to a young child exploring his neighborhood)

Sounding – Indicates depth of water Scoop on the end of rope to pull up sand. The amount of rope that gets wet indicates depth of water.

Maps and Charts – Hope they are accurate!

Tacking – Used to sail into the wind. Triangle sails enabled ships to pick up wind if they sailed in a zigzag pattern.

PARTS OF A SHIP

BARNACLES Barnacles stick to the boat hull and grow creating a sort of skin over the hull. This slows boat by taking away smoothness of hull and adding weight. Barnacles get knocked off and fall off, which pulls outer hull coating off allowing rot to get inside the wood.

CAREENING The ship in this print has been careened - turned on her side - for repairs or cleaning

FOOD ON THE SHIPS Salted Beef Wine Hard tack Beer Salted Pork

LAW AND ORDER ON A SHIP

Dance the hempen jig Throwing overboard

Cat-o-Nine Tails Chain Hanging

Keelhauling

Marooning