Mr. Kallusingh Topic 4

 William of Normandy claimed control of England after Edward the confessor  He had to defeat Harold of Wessex at the Battle of Hastings to maintain control  William brought Feudalism to Europe, but made each lord loyal to the King, providing a foundation for a centralized government  Had royal commissioners check every shire to ensure accuracy

 Henry II increased royal authority by allowing vassals to pay fees instead of providing soldiers making soldiers loyal to the king  Set up court system with a jury  Common Law- was instituted by Edward I and was different from previous law systems as it allowed its meaning to change for the situation

 Hugh Capet started the Capetian Dynasty which ruled France for more than 300 years  Phillip II increased royal landholdings by conquering English areas  Phillip IV increased royal power by taxing the clergy  The Three Estates was a governing body made up of commoners, nobles, and clergy

 John I made the nobles pay harsh taxes leading to a confrontation and the Magna Carta  Magna Carta was an agreement that made sure the king followed the rules  Edward I divided the king’s court into three branches Court of Exchequer(finances), Court of Common Pleas(trial for normal people), Court of King’s Bench (trial for king and govt)

 Parliament is the beginning of representative government  Nobles and the middle class got together to attack the king  House of lords- nobles and clergy  House of Commons- knights and burgesses

 Education in the middle ages started in monasteries  Between 1000 and 1200 AD four big Universities started Paris, Oxford, Bologna, and Salerno  By 1400 Universities shared the same programs Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate

 Vernacular literature comes from the way people speak  Scholasticism is an attempt to bring faith and reason together  Romanesque is arches, domes, and vaults  Gothic is pointed arches, tall spires, high walls, stained glass windows

 As trade began to revive towns grew as well, most people traded to make money  Guilds were groups of people that did the same thing in town and had rules and rights, trading guild or craft guild  Guild members and Master workers became the middle class

 Bourgeoisie was the middle class people in France- merchants, manufacturers, doctors, and lawyers  Market economy land, labor, and capital are controlled by people--- this is the basis for our capitalist economy

 When the last Capetian King died the Hundred years war started between England and France between Edward III (ENG) and Phillip VI (FRA)  The English used long Bows to shoot 200 feet  The French used knights on horses  Both sides used gunpowder for cannons  French suffered more because the war was in France

 During the war people in France fought each other for control of the throne in 1429 Charles VII won with the help of Joan of Arc  Due to the war French Kings became more powerful like Louis XI, who made an efficient government that had harsh taxes

 The Black Death killed around 25 million people in Europe, spread in dirty cities by rats and fleas  Great Schism of 1378 occurred when pope Gregory XI died and the Church elected two popes, this lasted till 1417

 They took control of Spain 1479 uniting it for the first time  In 1492 they ordered all Jews and Moors to convert to Christianity or leave Spain, this hurt Spanish in industry and trade