Behavior Control of Virtual Vehicle Hongling Wang April 21, 2003

Introduction Purpose of behavior control Behavior control is complex Run a virtual vehicle on a road network Following traffic rules A vehicle should be able to get anywhere in the road network Behavior control is complex Divided into basic component behaviors Integrate all the basic components

Components of Vehicle Behavior Cruising behavior Vehicle drives at desired speed Following behavior Vehicle keeps a safe distance behind its leader Intersection behavior Vehicle traverses intersections safely Obeys traffic signals Respects right of way Lane changing behavior Vehicle leaves the current lane and enters an adjacent target lane

Behavior and Kinematics Behavior sets control parameters Acceleration Driving curvature Kinematics moves a vehicle to a new position according to parameter values

Path Path, a ribbon composed of road lanes and intersection corridors Path used to guide vehicle moving Path forms a consistent frame of reference Pursuit point on path centerline Path is an interface between a vehicle and outside world

Path (Cont.) Path simplifies behavior control Driving curvature determined by path Acceleration determined by behaviors Path provides a basis for spatial relationship

Cruising behavior Determines desired speed Compare current speed with desired speed Current speed is higher, negative acceleration Current speed is lower, positive acceleration Proportional controller Reactive behavior Decision depends only on the state at this moment

Following behavior Query the leader on the path of a vehicle Compute relative distance and relative speed Proportional-derivative controller Contribute the acceleration if negative, discard it if positive Reactive behavior

PD controller response to a slow leader acceleration Before critical point, positive After critical point, negative and increasing After negative maximum, negative and decreasing to approach 0 phases of vehicle actions No response Slow down to leader’s speed Keep a safe distance from its leader

Integration of cruising and following behaviors If following acceleration >0, choose cruising acceleration If following acceleration <=0, choose smaller value among the two Integrated behavior: a vehicle always tries to drive at a desired speed, while keeps from running into or too close to its leader

Intersection behavior What a vehicle does before entering an intersection Stop Keep going Stop and go alternatively Actions chosen according to ambient traffic and traffic control signals Sequential behavior Decision depends on both the state in last moment and the state in this moment

Intersection behavior (Cont.) An intersection is a resource A vehicle should not enter it if it can’t leave it soon Three sub behaviors because of different right-of-way rules Going straight Turning left Turning right

Intersection behavior (Cont.) Main problems Stop a vehicle on desired position Using state machines to control action flow Gap acceptance Immediate gap (e.g., turning right on RED) Predicted gap (e.g., turning left on GREEN)

Stopping behavior Requirements Acceleration computation method Inform a vehicle it is the time to decelerate Stop a vehicle in desired position if computed acceleration applied Keep a vehicle stopped after it stopped Acceleration computation method PD controller Invariant acceleration controller

PD controller for stopping Acceleration formula Phases of vehicle actions No response Slow down and stop at desired position Stay stopped at desired position

PD controller for stopping disadvantages No fully stopping, speed infinitely approaches 0 Acceleration value may be too big, if critical point is missed

Invariant acceleration controller for stopping Advantages Be able to give a full stop at desired position Gives a reasonable acceleration in some cases where PD controller gives a too big acceleration Disadvantage Sensitive to small errors of both speed and distance Conclusion: a better choice than PD controller

State machines for Intersection behavior Basic states of state machines for intersection behavior START, no response to state of control signal CONTINUE, keep going while stopping still possible SLOWDOWN, decelerate for stopping STOPPED, speed is 0 END, stopping becomes impossible or is no longer necessary One state machine built for each sub behavior

Gap acceptance computation Gap is a time period within which my required space is free A resource Relationship between time and space Immediate gap Estimate when others will get to my required space Check if it is within the gap Predicted gap Estimate when I will get to and leave my required space Check if they overlay

Intersection behavior by simple right of way rules Problems: Deadlock Starvation Solutions Deadlock breaking rule Starvation avoidance rule

Integration of cruising, following and intersection behaviors Before intersection behavior is activated, choose the former acceleration After it is activated In SLOWDOWN or STOPPED phase, choose the smaller value among the former acceleration and intersection acceleration In other phases, choose the former acceleration Integrated behavior: A vehicle tries to drive at a desired speed, keeps a safe distance with its leader and responds to traffic control signals on intersections

Lane change behavior Modeled as a sequence of four steps Consider a lane change Choice of a target lane Gap acceptance Move over to the target lane Classified as MLC and DLC MLC, mandatory lane change DLC, discretionary lane change Sequential behavior State machine with 4 states corresponding to the 4 steps

Discretionary Lane Change Consider DLC when the speed is below a desired speed Change to a neighboring lane for opportunity to increase speed A gap is acceptable when both lead and lag gaps on target lane are acceptable

Trajectories of a vehicle and its pursuit point during lane changing Move pursuit point from center of current lane to center of target lane Use PD controller to control lateral moving of pursuit point Vehicle overshoots the target offset

Gap acceptance for lane change Both lead gap and lag gap are acceptable My current leader and follower are not changing to my target lane No vehicle on another adjacent lane of my target lane is changing to my target lane

Integrate lane change behavior with following behavior The concept of following leader changed The ahead vehicle in my current lane The ahead vehicle in my target lane if I am in lane change The ahead vehicle whose target lane is my current lane and who is in lane change Problem: too conservative Solution: visibility computation

Visibility computation The ahead vehicle in my current lane may be out of my way when I am in lane change Lane change will complete sooner with visibility computation, especial when ahead vehicle is very slow

Take MLC into consideration MLC is necessary The concept and structure of path don’t support MLC efficiently Route, a higher level conceptual structure, is necessary for MLC Route of a vehicle is composed of roads Relation between route and path Route is a long term plan Path is a short term plane Path is built to follow route

Take MLC into consideration A multiple-lane MLC is treated as multiple single-lane changes When still far from road end, consider only DLC, not MLC DLC consistent with target of MLC is given priority DLC against target of MLC is given some penalty for resource requirement

General Behavior Integration Acceleration combined contribution from Cruising behavior Following behavior Intersection behavior Driving curvature combined contribution from Path following Lane changing behavior