5.2 Reading the Periodic Table

Vertical Columns Known as families or groups Known as families or groups Elements in a column tend to have similar properties Elements in a column tend to have similar properties Also have the same number of valence, or outer electrons Also have the same number of valence, or outer electrons

Horizontal Rows Known as series or periods Known as series or periods Have the same number of electron levels Have the same number of electron levels

Solids, liquids or gases? On the big periodic table On the big periodic table Black – solidsBlack – solids Blue – liquidsBlue – liquids Red - gasesRed - gases

Metals Found to the left of the stairstep Found to the left of the stairstep Properties Properties Lusterous (shiny)Lusterous (shiny) Good conductors of heat and electricityGood conductors of heat and electricity Malleable: can be hammered into a thin sheetMalleable: can be hammered into a thin sheet Ductile: can be pulled into a thin wireDuctile: can be pulled into a thin wire Most are solids at room temperatureMost are solids at room temperature

Non-Metals Found to the right of the stairstep, includes hydrogen Found to the right of the stairstep, includes hydrogen Properties Properties Non-LusterousNon-Lusterous Poor conductors of heat and electricityPoor conductors of heat and electricity Not malleable or ductileNot malleable or ductile Many are gases at room temperatureMany are gases at room temperature

Semi-metals Found on the stairstep Found on the stairstep B, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb B, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb Also known as metalloids Also known as metalloids May have properties similar to either metals or non-metals May have properties similar to either metals or non-metals All are solid at room temperature All are solid at room temperature

Alkali Metals Group 1 on the PT Group 1 on the PT Has one valence electron. Has one valence electron. Highly reactive Highly reactive Never found in elemental form in nature. Never found in elemental form in nature. Must be stored in mineral oil to avoid reacting with water. Must be stored in mineral oil to avoid reacting with water. Mostly soft and silvery. Mostly soft and silvery. React with halogens to form salts. React with halogens to form salts. More reactive the farther down the list you go. More reactive the farther down the list you go.

Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 on the PT Group 2 on the PT Has two valence electrons. Has two valence electrons. Soft and silver colored. Soft and silver colored. React with water, but not as strongly as the alkali metals. React with water, but not as strongly as the alkali metals. Also react with halogens to form salts. Also react with halogens to form salts.

Boron Family Group 3 on the PT Group 3 on the PT Has 3 valence electrons Has 3 valence electrons Aluminum: 3 rd most abundant element in the earth’s crust Aluminum: 3 rd most abundant element in the earth’s crust

Carbon Family Group 4 on the PT Group 4 on the PT Has 4 valence electrons Has 4 valence electrons Carbon: Carbon: Most on earth is found in limestoneMost on earth is found in limestone Important because it is found in every living cellImportant because it is found in every living cell Can also be in the form of diamonds and graphiteCan also be in the form of diamonds and graphite Combines with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons (fuels such as methane, propane, butane) Hydrocarbons make up the majority of the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon, Titan

Carbon Family, cont. Silicon Silicon 2 nd most abundant element in earth’s crust2 nd most abundant element in earth’s crust Like carbon, can form many compoundsLike carbon, can form many compounds Silica (silicon dioxide) is the main component in glassSilica (silicon dioxide) is the main component in glass In its pure form, is used to make transistors and solar cellsIn its pure form, is used to make transistors and solar cells Germanium: not common, but is used in electronics Germanium: not common, but is used in electronics Tin: coating on “tin” cans Tin: coating on “tin” cans Lead: used to be used in plumbing; today it is used to make automobile batteries Lead: used to be used in plumbing; today it is used to make automobile batteries

Nitrogen Family Group 5 on the PT Group 5 on the PT Has 5 valence electrons Has 5 valence electrons Nitrogen: makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere; essential to living organisms Nitrogen: makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere; essential to living organisms Phosphorus: also found in living things; phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) is widely used in manufacturing; also found in soft drinks! Phosphorus: also found in living things; phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) is widely used in manufacturing; also found in soft drinks!

Oxygen Family Group 6 on the PT Group 6 on the PT Has 6 valence electrons Has 6 valence electrons

Oxygen Family, cont. Oxygen Most abundant element on Earth (2 nd most in atmosphere) Most abundant element on Earth (2 nd most in atmosphere) Required for respiration and combustion Required for respiration and combustion Used in the steel- making process Used in the steel- making process Found in air as O 2 and ozone as O 3 Found in air as O 2 and ozone as O 3 Sulfur Known since ancient times as brimstone Known since ancient times as brimstone A main component of “fools gold” A main component of “fools gold” Most compounds with sulfur have unpleasant odors (rotten eggs, even skunks!) Most compounds with sulfur have unpleasant odors (rotten eggs, even skunks!) Largest use is in sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in manufacturing Largest use is in sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in manufacturing

Halogen Family Group 7 on the PT Group 7 on the PT Has 7 valence electrons Has 7 valence electrons Highly reactive Highly reactive Only family to have at least one solid, one liquid and one gas at room temp. Only family to have at least one solid, one liquid and one gas at room temp. Fluorine is one of the most reactive elements in existence Fluorine is one of the most reactive elements in existence Teflon is made of fluorine bonded to carbon Teflon is made of fluorine bonded to carbon

Noble Gas Family Group 8 on the PT Group 8 on the PT Most have 8 valence electrons (helium only 2) Most have 8 valence electrons (helium only 2) Odorless, colorless Odorless, colorless Extremely low chemical reactivity Extremely low chemical reactivity Also called inert gases Also called inert gases

Transition Metals Have a variety of charge possibilities. Have a variety of charge possibilities. Many of them can have more than one charge (ex: iron can be +2 or +3). Many of them can have more than one charge (ex: iron can be +2 or +3). They include chromium (makes chrome), iron (structural material), the coinage metals (copper, silver, gold) and many others. They include chromium (makes chrome), iron (structural material), the coinage metals (copper, silver, gold) and many others.

Inner Transition Metals Lanthanides: Lanthanides: Form +3 ionsForm +3 ions Soft, silvery metalsSoft, silvery metals Most have little commercial useMost have little commercial use Actinides: Actinides: All are radioactiveAll are radioactive Only thorium and uranium occur to any large amount in natureOnly thorium and uranium occur to any large amount in nature