Nishesh Mehta 27 th March 2008

Geography Originates in China India – upstream Pakistan – Downstream Main tributaries Ravi Jhelam Sutlej Chenab Beas

Triggering of Conflict Status Quo– East and West Punjab sign standstill agreement in Dispute over the worth of Pakistan’s irrigation canal network East Punjab (Indian side)suspends water supply to West side Partition created issues – taking things in their own hands

Need for developmental infrastructure Both countries needed massive water infrastructure to support population East Punjab had 21 million with no food supply It needed storage devices to develop arid but fertile land West Punjab needed to ensure water supply Undertaking of unilateral construction projects – escalating of tensions

Water War? A war waged to safeguard their access to water resources in the wake of scarcity, competitive use and wider conflict Both countries stood on brink of a devastating war.

Involvement of World bank The bank is reluctant to get involved initially World bank refuses loans to both countries even though they were economically viable Offered an impartial third party Offered an option taking into account both countries ‘ needs

Principles of Involvement The bank offered a deal in 1954 based on 3 principles. There was enough water for both countries in the basin. While considering the Sutlej River the entire basin would be considered as one and all rivers would be under discussion. The negotiations would retain a technical focus rather than political focus

Distribution on the basis of number of rivers 3 major eastern tributaries – India 3 major western tributaries – Pakistan India pays $ 174 million over 10 years Canal and reservoir construction financed through the Bank Commission to resolve future disputes Features of the deal

Reasons for success A unique mix of circumstances contributed to the success of the effort. Leadership Timeline Finances Restricted Discussion What are the measures of success?

Problems with the treaty Does not account for the increase demand in India/Pakistan. India cannot build without consultation on 3 tributaries Higher demand due to economic growth cannot be addressed by major rivers of the region Delays in projects

Water Rationality Vs Water War Any action taken by a state to secure its water supply in the long-term, both in quality and quantity. The state manages its water prudently Maintains relationships with co-riparian countries conducive to ensuring long-term access to water. What school do you belong to? Where are we headed with the Middle East, Africa and other water conflicts in the world?