Nationalism in Europe How does Nationalism both break up and unify countries in Europe? Austria- Hungary Russia Ottoman Empire GermanyItaly

Radicals in France 1830: Louis-Philippe(XVIII) now in power Rules for 18 years but French people are tired of a monarchy (again!) and violence erupts (again!) Radicals create another constitution, which has president sharing power w/ the assembly. Monarchy abolished again 1848: French people elect Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) as their president, 4 yrs later become Emperor Involved in two wars, helps Italians defeat Austria but loses to Prussia Emp. Napoleon III modernizes France and creates jobs

Answer these questions in complete sentences in your notes (p. 256) 1. Who was the King of France in 1830 and why did the people reject him? 2. Who became the new King and why did the people accept him? 3. What happened in France as radicals split into factions? 4. Why do you think the people elect Louis-Napoleon as President?

Positives –overthrow absolute rule, democratic governments Negatives – Forced assimilation of minority, extreme nationalism leads to dictatorship Nationalism Culture Culture – shared way of life History - History - a common past Language- Language- shared communication Territory Territory – land belongs to group Nationality Nationality – shared ethnic ancestry Religion- shared by most What is Nationalism?

Nationalist Thought Political thought in 1800s Europe: 1) Conservatives – no change, no voting, absolute monarchs rule (nobles, landowners) 2) Liberals – some change, educated & landowners vote more power for Parliaments (middle class, merchants) 3) Radicals – drastic change, all people should vote, government should be full democracy (poor, workers) Liberals & radicals turn to nationalism Nationalism is based on the idea people should unite based on their language, nationality or culture Nationalists think loyalty should be to a country not a king, many upset that their country was ruled by a foreign king, 1827, 1848: Nationalistic Revolutions breakout in Europe Concert of Europe fails to stop nationalist revolutions

1)Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks Ottoman Turks controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, & Slavic speaking Balkans Revolutions breakout in Greece (1827) & Balkans 2) Russian Empire ruled by the Romanovs Nicholas I begins a policy called Russification, which forced Russian culture/language on other ethnic groups in the Empire Nationalist revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Czar Nicholas I tries to further expand Empire in Crimean War (1853) & loses 1827 Alexander II emancipates peasants but is assassinated, Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts Britain, France, Russia help Greeks win. Ottomans forced to grant equal citizenship to all Nationalism Weakens Conservative Rule LOSS

3) Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs The Austrians controlled twelve different ethnic groups 1866: Austria loses Seven Weeks War to Prussia. Austria loses their northern German States to Prussia Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting in 1848 (Czechs). Hungary attempts to split from Austria (1866) 1866 Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary

Nationalism Unifies Germany 1861: Rioters in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia Wilhelm I becomes new King of Prussia Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become his Prime Minister Bismarck was a master of “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical) Bismarck runs Prussia w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all the German states 1) 1864: Bismarck convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck Weak will be devoure d by the strong! Schleswig- Holstein

Prussia/Austria win, but Prussia turns its back on Austria in 1866 starting Seven Weeks War Loss humiliates Austria & gives Prussia 22 N. German states 2) 1867: Prussia goes to war with France to gain control of southern German states 1870: Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War, humiliation for Napoleon III 3) 1871: Prussia unites the So. German States with No. German States creating the Empire of Germany Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Chancellor (Prime Minister) Read History Makers – Von Bismarck p. 262 Confederation of North German States

Guided Reading 8:3 Part B Answer the following questions based on what you just read on page 262 (History Makers – Otto von Bismarck) for Part B of the homework 1. What are two different opinions of Otto von Bismarck? 2. What were characteristics of his speeches? 3. What do you think he means in his quote about the destiny of the weak? 4. Re-read his last quote about Germans and war. Is he a hypocrite? Why?

Nationalism Unifies Italy 1852: In N. Italian state of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister 1858: Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of Northern Italy Cavour & Napoleon III’s armies beat Austria & win all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region Sardinia King Victor Emmanuel II Camillo di Cavour

1860: So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi From Sicily, Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy & would unite So. Italian Kingdoms Vic. Em. & Cavour meet with Garibaldi. Want to unite all Italy Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister 1866: Italians beat Austria and win Venetian region. 1870: King VE convinces Pope to give up Papal states Pope could still control the Vatican but Rome would now become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy Pope Pius XI HW: Part C Page 261 – Political Cartoon Questions 1-3 Rome Garibaldi