Chapter 28 The Romantic Hero.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 28 The Romantic Hero

Romanticism Nature Emotion: sentimentality // nostalgia // melancholy Imagination: exotic // ecstatic // fantastic // gothic

Romanticism The sublime Subjectivity Spontaneity Mysticism

“While Enlightenment writers studied the social animal, the romantics explored the depths of their own souls.” (Fiero 705)

(Rousseau, Confessions; “I am made unlike anyone I have ever met: I will even venture to say that I am like no one in the whole world. I may be no better, but at least I am different.” (Rousseau, Confessions; quoted in Fiero 706)

Nationalism

Nationalism = “an ideology (or belief system) grounded in a people’s sense of cultural and political unity” (Fiero 705)

Nationalism ↔ Liberalism After the first French Revolution (1789) nationalism = political change = freedom

Nationalism ↔ Conservativism An appreciation/veneration of the past Demanding the sacrifice of individual’s freedom for the common good

National Identity Nation = narration = an imagined community = a system of cultural signification (Homi Bhabha)

National Identity Creation of national institutions Participation of national rituals (holidays, festivals) Identifying with a national community National imagery: heroes

Nationalism & Romanticism Romantic writers insisted on the uniqueness of cultures by idealizing history and community. Germany: the Volk (the common people) Volksgeist (the spirit of the people)

Nationalism & Romanticism The state was itself a natural historic organism. Future rested on understanding a nation’s past.

Extreme nationalism German racial nationalists “Like their Nazi successors, Volkish thinkers claimed that the German race was purer than, and therefore superior to, all other races. (453) --Taken from W.C. by Marvin Perry

The Romantic Hero

The Romantic Hero Gifted with intellect and imagination, the hero is at odds with the “common herd” of mankind. The hero’s desires are insatiable; his is a will not satisfied with ordinary things. The Promethean hero: an over-reacher who unsettles traditional moral categories.

Types of the Romantic Hero The Faustian hero: Goethe’s unique treatment of the Faust myth (the fact that he never finds satisfaction on earth is what ultimately redeems him) ; Victor Frankenstein The abolitionist: see Frederick Douglass’ defense of stealing from his slave-masters: “The morality of free society can have no application to slave society”. The Byronic hero: aristocratic, darkly handsome, manly, brooding, brilliant, erotic, melancholy, indomitable. The Gothic villain-hero http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/~dougt/hero.htm

Napoleon Bonaparte An example of the Romantic hero and its contradictions: a Corsican peasant who crowns himself emperor a champion of the “revolutionary ideals of liberty, fraternity, and equality” (Fiero 30) who yet went on to wage an imperial war against nations of Europe

Napoleon Bonaparte a brilliant military tactician who over-reached himself in the Russian campaign (lost 500, 000 men!) an individual with petty habits and towering egotism http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/~dougt/hero.htm

Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Great Saint Bernard Pass, 1800

Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial Throne 1806

Jacques-Louis David. Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine on 2 December 1804. 1808.

Jean-Léon Gérôme, Napoleon and His General Staff in Egypt, 1867

Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-stricken at Jaffa, 1799

Food for Thought What makes Napoleon a Romantic hero?

The Promethean Hero Shelley, Prometheus Unbound Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus

The Gothic Novel Mary Shelley, Frankenstein Horace Walpole, The Castle of Otranto Features Anti-rationalism (horror & the supernatural) A revived interest in the medieval past

Food for Thought Who is the modern Prometheus in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein?

The Byronic Hero Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1813-1814) Don Juan (1819-1824)

The Byronic Hero A rebel Isolated from society Moody by nature or passionate about a particular issue Arrogant, confident, abnormally sensitive and extremely conscious of himself Rejects the values and moral codes of society

The Byronic Hero Characterized by a guilty memory of some unknown sexual sin. A figure of repulsion as well as fascination http://www.umd.umich.edu/casl/hum/eng/classes/434/charweb/CHARACTE.htm

Goethe’s Faust

paradox and problems the conflicted political background and legacy what does this mean for women? scrutinizing romantic mythmaking: the noble savage and the mythology of imperialism. the tricky morality: an ethics based on the imagination, emotions? http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/~dougt/rom.htm