Hand Tools and Shop Equipment 5 Hand Tools and Shop Equipment Chapter 5

Objectives List the basic units of measure in two measuring systems (Metric and Imperial) Describe the different types of fasteners List the various measuring tools used in the automotive shop. Describe the proper procedure for measuring with a micrometer. continued… Chapter 5

Objectives List some of the hand tools used in auto repair. Describe the use of common pneumatic, electrical, and hydraulic power tools Describe the different sources for service information that are available to technicians. Chapter 5

Units of Measure Metric Linear examples: metre, centimetre, kilometre Weight examples: grams, kilograms Temperature example: Celsius Pressure examples: kilogram per square centimetre, bar Torque example: Newton metres Chapter 5

Units of Measure Imperial or United States Customary (USC) Linear examples: inch, foot, yard, mile Weight examples: ounce, pound, ton Temperature example: Fahrenheit Pressure examples: pounds per square inch (psi) Torque example: foot pounds, inch pounds continued… Chapter 5

Bolt Identification Diameter Thread pitch (metric system) Measured across the threaded area Thread pitch (metric system) The distance in millimetres between two adjacent threads Thread pitch (English system) The number of threads per inch continued… Chapter 5

Bolt Identification Chapter 5

Bolt Grade Markings Metric bolts Imperial or Customary (inch) bolts Identification class numbers correspond to bolt strength. Increasing numbers represent increasing strength. Imperial or Customary (inch) bolts Identification marks correspond to bolt strength. Chapter 5

Grade Markings continued… Chapter 5

Metric Size Bolt Identification Example A metric size bolt that is identified as: 6mm × 30mm × 1.25mm Has a shank diameter of 6 millimetres. Is 30 millimetres long from the bottom of the head to the end of the shank. Has a distance of 1.25 millimetres between its threads. Chapter 5

Imperial Size Bolt Identification Example An Imperial size bolt that is identified as: 3/8" × 2" × 24 Has a shank diameter of 3/8 inch. Is 2 inches long from the bottom of the head to the end of the shank. Has 24 threads per inch. Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Machinist’s rule Is usually used to measure items that don’t require extremely close tolerances, such as bolt lengths. continued… Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Vernier caliper Is usually used to measure items that require a closer degree of accuracy, such as shim thickness. This tool can be used for inside, outside and depth measurements. continued… Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Dial caliper Is a version of a vernier caliper that incorporates a dial for easier reading. continued… Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Micrometer Is used for measuring items that require very close tolerances, such as shaft thickness and bearing diameter. continued… Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Depth Micrometer Used to measure hole depth, counter-bores, and distances from one surface to another. Chapter 5

Reading a Metric Micrometer Add: Full millimetres 10.00 mm + ½ millimetres (2 × 0.50) 1.00 mm Thimble reading 0.00 mm Final Reading 11.00 mm Chapter 5

Reading an Imperial Micrometer Add: (0 to 1 inch micrometer) 0.100 inch increments 0.200 inch + 0.025 inch increments (3 × 0.025) 0.075 inch Thimble reading 0.000 inch Final Reading 0.275 inch Chapter 5

Using a Micrometer Slip the micrometer back and forth over the object. Try to rock it from side to side. When no rocking is present and a slight drag is felt, the micrometer reading can be taken. Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Dial indicator Is used to measure radial or axial movement, such as a shaft’s runout or end play. Indicator bases can vary from magnetic to clamp on adaptive styles. continued… Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Telescoping gauge Is commonly used to measure larger bore diameters, such as an engine cylinder. A micrometer is used to read the telescoping gauge setting. continued… Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Small hole gauge Is used for measuring small bores, such as an engine valve guide. A micrometer is used to read the hole gauge setting. continued… Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Feeler gauge Is used to measure clearances, such as a spark plug gap. Feeler gauges can also be used along with a straight edge to measure surface irregularities. continued… Chapter 5

Measuring Devices Screw pitch gauge Is used to determine thread pitch of a bolt or screw. Chapter 5

A Typical Set of Hand Tools Chapter 5

Hand Tools Wrenches Open-end Box-end Flare nut or line Metric or Imperial (USCS) Allen continued… Chapter 5

Hand Tools Ratchets Sockets Available in ¼, ⅜, ½, and ¾ drive sizes with either a solid or flex handle Sockets 6, 8, or 12 point Deep and shallow Metric or USCS Impact or chrome Torx Swivel sockets continued… Chapter 5

Hand Tools Screwdrivers A variety of tips and sizes are available to fit the various types of screws used. Standard (flat blade) and the Phillips screwdrivers are commonly used in the automotive industry. continued… Chapter 5

Hand Tools Pliers Different sizes and jaw shapes are available for various tasks. Also available with standard, locking and slip joint handles. continued… Chapter 5

Hand Tools Diagonal (Side) Cutting Pliers Used to cut wires, tie wraps, plastic tubing, hoses, etc. Available in straight and angled jaws. continued… Chapter 5

Hand Tools Hammers and mallets Used for striking various components. Soft-faced and dead-blow hammers are used for striking soft or easily damaged surfaces. CAUTION - Do not strike hardened surfaces with hardened steel hammers. continued… Chapter 5

Hand Tools Punches Chisels Used for driving out pins, rivets, or shafts; aligning holes in components; and marking the starting point for drilling a hole. Chisels Used for cutting metal when driven by a hammer. Can be used to shear off bolt and rivet heads. CAUTION – Always keep the striking end free from burrs and mushrooming. continued… Chapter 5

Hand Tools Files Commonly used to shape or smooth metal edges and surfaces. They vary in size and coarseness depending on the shape and material being filed. continued… Chapter 5

Hand Tools Taps and dies Chapter 5

Types of Torque Wrenches Beam Older and not very accurate. Dial A dial indicates the amount of torque exerted. Digital read out Is usually the most accurate design. “Click” When the handle reaches the preset torque, the wrench clicks. Chapter 5

Hand Tool Safety Use the proper tool for the job. Use the correct size wrench or socket. Use box-end wrench or socket whenever possible. Always pull on a wrench. Chapter 5

Power Tools Impact wrenches Air ratchets Drills Blow guns Grinders Cutting tools continued… Chapter 5

Power Tools Drill press Bench grinders Grinding wheel Wire wheel Buffing wheel continued… Chapter 5

Power Tools Presses Trouble lights Incandescent or fluorescent Chapter 5

Lifting Tools Hydraulic floor jack Safety stand Is used to raise vehicle off the ground. Is used with safety stands. Safety stand Is used to support a vehicle when raised. continued… Chapter 5

Lifting Tools Vehicle Lifts or Hoists Can be pneumatic (air pressure) or hydraulic controlled. Most modern lifts use electric motor driven cables or screws. continued… Chapter 5

Lifting Tools Engine hoist Is sometimes called a cherry picker. Uses hydraulic pressure to lift an engine from a vehicle. Chapter 5

Service Information Manufacturers’ service information Computer-based information systems Flat-rate manuals Owner’s manuals Lubrication guides Aftermarket suppliers’ guides and catalogues Hotline services International Automotive Technicians Network Chapter 5

Steps for Using Service Information Select the appropriate manual for the vehicle being serviced or enter the vehicle information into the system. Use the table of contents to locate the applicable section or article. Use the index at the front of the section or article to locate the required information. continued… Chapter 5

Steps for Using Service Information Carefully read the information and study the illustrations and diagrams. Follow the required steps and procedures. Adhere to all of the given specifications and safety precautions Chapter 5

Summary Repairing the modern automobile requires the use of many different hand and power tools. It is crucial to use the proper amount of torque when tightening fasteners on any part of a vehicle, particularly the engine. continued… Chapter 5

Summary Metric and SAE size wrenches are not interchangeable. Carelessness or mishandling of power tools can cause serious injury. The primary source of repair and specification information for any vehicle is the manufacturer’s service manual or shop service information systems. Chapter 5