Transformational Leadership

Relates to leadership effectiveness (Lowe et al, 1996). Relates to leadership effectiveness (Lowe et al, 1996). Relates to high employee performance (Dvir et al., 2002). Relates to high employee performance (Dvir et al., 2002).

Influences employee motivation and performance (Avolio and Shamir, 2002) through two mechanisms (Kark, Shamir and Chen, 2003): Influences employee motivation and performance (Avolio and Shamir, 2002) through two mechanisms (Kark, Shamir and Chen, 2003): 1) Creation of follower’s personal identification with the leader identification with the leader 2) Social identification with the work unit

Personal Identification It occurs when an individual’s belief about a person (a leader) becomes self- referential or self-defining (Pratt, 1998). It occurs when an individual’s belief about a person (a leader) becomes self- referential or self-defining (Pratt, 1998). Charismatic leadership theory posits that it is a central mechanism through which charismatic leaders influence followers (Conger and Kanungo, 1998). Charismatic leadership theory posits that it is a central mechanism through which charismatic leaders influence followers (Conger and Kanungo, 1998). Such influence is based on reference power. Such influence is based on reference power.

Personal Identification Two modes of personal identification: Two modes of personal identification: Evoking followers’ self-concept in the recognition that they share similar values with the leader and/or Evoking followers’ self-concept in the recognition that they share similar values with the leader and/or Giving rise to followers’ desire to change their self-concept so that their beliefs and values become more similar to those of the leader. Giving rise to followers’ desire to change their self-concept so that their beliefs and values become more similar to those of the leader.

Social Identification Implies that an individual’s belief Implies that an individual’s belief The Two Faces of Transformational Leadership: Empowerment and Dependency

Transformational Leadership Comprise four components: Inspirational motivation Inspirational motivation Idealized influence Idealized influence Individualized consideration Individualized consideration Intellectual stimulation Intellectual stimulation

Inspirational Motivation Represent the notion of charisma (Avolio, Bass and Jung, 1999). Represent the notion of charisma (Avolio, Bass and Jung, 1999). Includes: Includes: the creation and presentation of an attractive vision of the future the creation and presentation of an attractive vision of the future the use of symbols and emotional arguments. the use of symbols and emotional arguments. The demonstration of optimism and enthusiasm The demonstration of optimism and enthusiasm

Idealized Influence Includes behaviors such as Sacrificing for the benefit of the group Sacrificing for the benefit of the group Setting a personal example Setting a personal example Demonstrating high ethical standards Demonstrating high ethical standards

Individualized Consideration Includes Includes Providing support Providing support Providing encouragement Providing encouragement Providing coaching to followers Providing coaching to followers

Intellectual Stimulation Involves behaviors that increase awareness of problems and challenge followers to view problems from new perspectives Involves behaviors that increase awareness of problems and challenge followers to view problems from new perspectives

Defined on the basis of its effects, that is transforming the values and priorities of followers and motivating them to perform beyond their expectations (Yukl, 1998). Defined on the basis of its effects, that is transforming the values and priorities of followers and motivating them to perform beyond their expectations (Yukl, 1998).