Intro 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Textbook Assignment (pp ) 1)How did the Birmingham Chief of Police Eugene “Bull” Conner insure that the Freedom Riders would face violence in Birmingham, Alabama? 2)What role did the President’s brother Robert Kennedy have in the Civil Rights movement? 3)How did President Kennedy react to the University of Mississippi denying admission to Air Force veteran James Meredith? 4)In a letter written from a Birmingham jail cell, how did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. defend the protestors’ right to break the law? Section 2: Challenging Segregation

Intro 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 2: Challenging Segregation Evaluate the Civil Rights Act of  Summarize the efforts to establish voting rights for African Americans.

Section 2-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading African American citizens and white supporters created organizations that directed protests, targeted specific inequalities, and attracted the attention of the mass media and the government.  Jesse Jackson  Main Idea Key Terms and Names Ella Baker  Freedom Riders  filibuster  cloture  Civil Rights Act of 1964  poll tax

Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

CC 1-1 Language Arts In 1961, a white author by the name of John Howard Griffin wrote a book about his travels in the deep south disguised as a black man. When asked the question if he truly learned what it was like living as a black person in America, Mr. Griffin replied “No”. The reason was because…… Can a white person ever know what it is like to be a minority? He always had the option to clean the dye off of his skin.

Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Sit-In Movement In 1960 four African Americans staged a sit-in at a Woolworth’s whites-only lunch counter. This led to a mass movement for civil rights. (pages 753–754)

Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Sit-In Movement Soon sit-ins were occurring across the nation. Students like Jesse Jackson from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College felt that sit-ins gave them the power to change things.

Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. SNCC Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. As sit-ins became more popular, it was necessary to choose a leader to coordinate the effort. Ella Baker, executive director of the SCLC, urged students to create their own organization. The students formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) with Marion Barry, a student leader from Nashville, as their chairperson.

Section 2-8 Robert Moses, an SNCC volunteer from New York, pointed out that most of the civil rights movement was focused on urban areas, and rural African Americans needed help as well. When they went South, SNCC volunteers had their lives threatened and others were beaten. In 1964 three SNCC workers were murdered as they tried to register African Americans to vote. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. SNCC (cont.) (page 754)

Section 2-9 SNCC organizer Fannie Lou Hamer was arrested in Mississippi after encouraging African Americans to vote. While in jail, she was beaten by police. Later she helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. She challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. SNCC (cont.) (page 754)

Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Freedom Riders Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1961 CORE leader James Farmer asked teams of African Americans and white Americans to travel into the South to integrate bus terminals. (pages 754–755)

Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Freedom Riders Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The teams became known as Freedom Riders. (pages 754–755)

Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Freedom Riders Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Violence erupted in several Alabama cities, making national news and shocking many Americans. President John F. Kennedy was compelled to control the violence. (pages 754–755)

Section 2-13 John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. During John F. Kennedy’s presidential campaign in 1960, he supported the civil rights movement, which resulted in African American votes that helped him narrowly win the race. (pages 755–757)

Section 2-13 John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Once in office, President Kennedy became cautious on civil rights, realizing that in order to get other programs passed through Congress, he would have to avoid new civil rights legislation. (pages 755–757)

Section 2-14 President Kennedy had his brother, Robert F. Kennedy of the Justice Department, actively support the civil rights movement. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-14 Robert Kennedy helped African Americans register to vote by having lawsuits filed throughout the South. When violence broke out in Montgomery Alabama, the Kennedy brothers urged the Freedom Riders to stop for a “cooling off ” period. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-15 A deal was struck between Kennedy and Senator James Eastland of Mississippi. The senator stopped the violence, and Kennedy agreed not to object if the Mississippi police arrested the Freedom Riders. The CORE used all their funds to bail the riders out of jail, which threatened future rides. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-16 Thurgood Marshall offered the use of the NAACP’s Legal Defense Fund, and the rides began again. President Kennedy ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to increase regulations against segregation at bus terminals. By 1962 segregation on interstate travel had ended. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-17 In 1962 James Meredith, an African American air force veteran, tried to register at the segregated University of Mississippi. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-17 Meredith was met with the governor blocking his path. President Kennedy ordered 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith to the campus. A full-scale riot broke out with 160 marshals being wounded. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-18 The army sent in thousands of troops. For the remainder of the year, Meredith attended classes under federal guard until he graduated the following August. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-18 Martin Luther King, Jr., was frustrated with the civil rights movement. As the Cuban missile crisis escalated, foreign policy became the main priority at the White House. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-19 King agreed to hold demonstrations in Alabama, knowing they might end in violence but feeling that they were the only way to get the president’s attention. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-19 King was jailed. He was criticized by some white members of the clergy that said he needed to “slow down” the movement. In response he wrote a letter to them in the margins of a newspaper he had. After his release the protests began again. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-19 The televised events were seen by the nation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757)

Section 2-19 Kennedy ordered his aides to prepare a civil rights bill. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) To support this legislation, Dr. King ordered his followers to prepare a March on Washington D.C.

FYI Contents 1 Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide. Some conspiracy theories argue that JFK’s assassination may be linked to his stand on the Civil Rights issue. Leaflet handed out in Dallas 11/23/63 states that he had committed treason. Kennedy killed over Civil Rights?

End of Slide Show