Vertebrates Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Vertebrates Backbone or vertebral column 1. Protects spine 2. gives support Endoskeleton 1. Support 2. Shape 3. grows

Phylum Chordata Nerve cord – hollow tube near back Notochord 1. Beneath nerve cord Throat with gill slits

Groups of Chordates Eight Groups Six are ectotherms 1. Rely on environment for heat 2. “cold blooded” Two are endotherms 1. Maintain their body heat 2. “warm blooded”

What to do next Color code the embryos Do section review on page 2 of your packet (pg 62 of your text) Complete directed reading on page 3 of your packet

FISH Evolved 540 mya Water dwelling vertebrates 1. Scales 2. Fins 3. Throat with gill slits

Jawless Fish Most primitive 1. No scales 2. No fins 3. No jaw 4. No bones 5. Examples- hagfish and lamprey

Cartilaginous Fish Skeleton made of cartilage Tooth-like scales No swim bladder Sharks, skates, and rays

Bony Fish Have a swim bladder 1. Gives the ability to float or sink Color vision Lateral line that senses movement

Fish Diagram

What to do next? Color and label fish diagram Do crossword Do section review on page 6 of packet (pg 67 in your text) Complete directed reading on page 7 of your packet

AMPHIBIANS Ectotherms Term amphibian means “double life” Live on land and water – soft eggs Goes through metamorphosis

Caecilians Legless amphibian Lives in damp soil in the tropics Eats small invertebrates Thin moist skin Small eyes under skin but are blind

Salamander 390 known species Eats small vertebrates Long tail and four small legs

How Frogs and Toads are Alike 90% of all amphibians are frogs and toads Found all over the world Highly adapted for life on land Sticky tongues that are attached to the front of the mouth instead of the back Strong legs for jumping Ears Vocal cords

Frog Life Cycle

What to do next Fill out the Venn diagram that compares/contrasts a toad and a frog Color pictures Do section review on page 9 of packet (pg 72 of textbook) Directed Reading on page 10 of packet

REPTILES Thick, dry skin Ectotherms Lungs to breathe Evolved 35 mya Strong vertical legs Most lay thick rubbery eggs. This allows them to reproduce on land

Reptile eggs Shell - protects the egg Albumen – provides water and protein Amniotic sac - protects embryo Yolk - provides food Allantois – stores waste and passes oxygen

Labeling the egg

Lizards About 4,000 species Live in deserts, jungle, forests and grasslands Most eat small invertebrates and plants but some are strictly herbivores The tail of some lizards separate from the body when the lizard is grabbed. The tail that is left behind wriggles, confusing the other animal.

Turtles and Tortoises 250 species Slow and inflexible Protective shell Live on land and water Are distant relatives of most other reptiles

Snakes About 1600 species No legs Scales on belly pull snake forward Carnivores with a good sense of smell

Alligators and Crocodiles Eyes and nose on top of headso they can hide under water Carnivores Spend most of their time in water 22 different species

Alligators and Crocodiles

What’s Next? Do amphibians and reptiles crossword puzzle page 16 Do section reviews on page 13 of your packet (page 77 in your text) Do chapter review on page 14 of your packet (page 82 of your text) questions Use complete sentences. Complete study guide on page 15 of packet

Birds Endotherms (warm-blooded) Egg-laying vertebrates 4 types -perching birds – sparrows, robins etc. -bird of prey- owls, hawks etc. -waterfowl – ducks, geese etc. -flightless- penguins, ostrich etc.

Feathers Adapted for flight Contour feathers – large, broad Down – small, used for insulation Not all birds fly

Adaptations Beak – cracking, drilling Feet – wading, scratching

Which food goes with which bird?

A few feet good for perching good for swimming good for capturing prey

Respiration Air sacs - give constant oxygen (fuel) - give enough energy for flight lungs

Circulation Double-loop circulatory system keeps oxygenated blood separate from de- oxygenated blood

Bones Birds have “hollow” bone that makes them lightweight Have trusses inside bone for strength

Complex Behaviors Song - protects territory - mating - calling Migrate

Flight adaptations Feathers and wings Hollow bones Keel and strong flight muscles Large eyes Increased heart rate Increased respiration High body temperature

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What to do next Label the parts of the feather Do section review on page 21 of packet (page 94 questions 1-5) Do section review on page 22 of your packet (page 97 of your text) Do crossword puzzle on page 22 of your packet Complete reading guide on page 23 of your packet

Class Mammalia

5 Characteristics of all Mammals Hair Mammary Glands and a diaphragm Most Sweat Endothermic

Three Classes Monotremes Marsupials Placental

Monotremes- Echidnas and duck billed platypus Egg laying – leathery eggs “furred reptiles” - Babies lick milk from mother’s fur

Marsupials Pouched Inside pouches are mammary glands Infants are born not fully developed and move to pouch to finish development Different age babies can live in pouch at the same time Live mostly in Australia, New Guinea, and South America Kangaroos, opossums, koalas, Tasmanian devils, wallabies

Placental Most mammals are placental Embryos stay inside mother until fully developed Babies are born like smaller adults Placenta are special attachments from embryo to uterus Placenta supplies food and oxygen Placenta also removes waste Gestation period is the time it takes for an embryo to develop Gestation ranges from a few weeks to almost 2 years depending on the species

Toothless Mammals Only anteaters are completely toothless. The rest have small teeth Catch insects with long, sticky tongues Anteaters, aardvarks, armadillos, sloth

Insect Eating Also called insectivores Live everywhere except Australia and Antarctica Have very small brains Few specialized teeth thin long pointed nose

Rodents More than 1/3 of all mammals are rodents Found everywhere except Antarctica Most are small Have long, sensitive whiskers All rodents have sharp front teeth for gnawing

Lagomorphs (rabbits) Have sharp gnawing teeth Have two sets of incisors in their upper jaws Have short tails Sensitive noses, large ears, and eyes to detect predators

Flying Mammals Bats are the only mammals that can fly Use echolocation to find prey Nocternal Flying squirrels ARE NOT part of this group!

Carnivores Meat eaters Large canine teeth Can be found in both land and water Includes lions and seals

Hoofed Mammals Adapted for quick running Large flat molars for grinding, Herbivores Also known as Ungulates Two groups based on number of toes

Odd Toed Order Perissodactyls One or three toes Horses, tapirs, rhinos Tapirs have four toes on front but three on back

Even Toed Order Artiodactyla Two or four toes Foot has greater flexibility than Odd Toed Pigs, camels, cows, giraffes, hippos

Trunked-Nosed Elephants are the only ones Very agile trunk to pick up small objects Three species – African Savanna, Asian, and African Forest African Forest elephant is a newly name species Herbivores Largest land mammal Two year gestation period Poached for ivory

Cetaceans Whales, dolphins, porpoise Use echolocation Have lungs,blowholes are modified nostrils Blubber Some have teeth, some do not

Sirenia Manatees Herbivores AKA sea cows Can live for over 70 years

Primates Binocular vision Opposable thumbs Color vision Flattened nails Specialized teeth for omnivore diet Small noses so vision is very important