Yours Truly, Coffee

What is Coffee?

History It all started with some “frisky” goats. -It is believed that coffee was found in Ethiopia by a goat herdsman.

Coffee consumption has been dated as far back as 1000 A.D. The Arabs were the first to cultivate and trade coffee Popularity spread worldwide and coffee shops started to pop up everywhere. Now there is a coffee shop at almost every corner ( Starbucks – 18,000 locations worldwide, 15,000 in North America alone)

Seed to Cup 1.Planting -- Coffea canephora & Coffea arabica -- 3 to 4 years till the plant bears fruit 2.Harvesting – Strip picked once) or selectively picked (only the ripe ones) 3.Processing – Dry (sun-dried) or wet (chemical or mechanical pulp removal) method – The processed beans are dried to about a 11% moisture content

5.Milling – Hulling  machines remove husk (exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp) – Polishing – Grading/Sorting 6.Exporting – 7 million tons produced and shipped worldwide each year

7.Roasting – Pyrolysis  process which gives coffee it’s flavor and aroma – Several degrees of about 400 ͦF (light, medium, dark) 8.Grinding and Brewing

Active Compounds Caffeine (most investigated) -stimulant -ground coffee contains anywhere from 30 to 175 mg Chlorogenic Acid (Flavonoid) -antioxidant activity -coffee contains anywhere from 20 to 675 mg

Diterpenes – Cafestol and Kahweol – Cholesterol and TG raising compounds in coffee (may be the cause of controversy)

Coffee and Diabetes Women experienced more benefits – 35% risk reduction, while men only experienced a 14% risk reduction (3+ cups/day) Another study reported that those who consumed over 12 cups experienced a 67% reduction in risk for diabetes

Coffee and CVD CVD risk rises shortly after consumption (short- term effects) Some studies have shown an increased risk of arrhythmia (due to caffeine), not confirmed Coffee may reduce risk of stroke by 10-20% One study reported a 70% reduction in risk for coronary heart disease in women who consumed >1 cup per day compared to women who did not consume coffee Recent meta analysis reported inverse relationship to risk of heart failure

Coffee and Mortality Several studies have suggested that coffee intake is inversely related to death due to all causes – 2+ cups per day Another found similar findings but only in women

Professional Position People will continue to drink coffee but it is good to know that coffee consumption may have its benefits. Also, it seems as though women tend to experience more benefits than men… so drink up! We must remember that while coffee may be beneficial, it loses its value when other added ingredients come into play -ex. Sugar, creamer…

References Bohn, S., Ward, N., Hodgson, J., & Croft, K. (2012). Effects of Tea and Coffee Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk. Food and Function, 3, doi: /c2fo10288a Cano-Marquina, A., Tarin, J., & Cano, A. (2013). The Impact of Coffee on Health. Maturitas, Retrieved from Doo, T., Morimoto, Y., Steinbrecher, A., Kolonel, L., & Maskarinec, G. (2012). Coffee Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort. Public Health Nutrition, 1-9. doi: /S Esquivel, P., & Jimenez, V. (2012). Functional Properties of Coffee & Coffee by-products. Food Research International, 46, doi: /j.foodres Kukubo, Y., Iso, H., Saito, I., Yamagishi, K., Yatsuya, H., Ishihara, J., Inove, M., & Tsugane, S. (2013). The Impact of Green Tea and Coffee Consumption on the Reduced Risk of Stroke Incidence in Japanese Population. American Heart Association, 44, 1-6. doi: /STROKEAHA Stokel, K. (2012). National Institute of Health Discovers Protective Effects of Coffee. Life Extension, 18, Sugiyama, K., Kuriyama, S., Akhter, M., Kakizaki, M., Nakaya, N., Ohmori-Matsuda, K., Shimazu, T., Nagai, M., Sugawara, Y., Hozawa, A., Fukao, A., & Tsuji, I. (2012). Coffee Consumption and Mortality Due to All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer in Japanese Women. The Journal of Nutrition, 140, doi: /jn Trang. C. (2003). Coffee. Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, Retrieved from Zhang, Y., Lee, E., Cowan, L., Fabsitz, R., Howard, B. (2011). Coffee consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in men and women with normal glucose tolerance: The Strong Heart Study. Nutrition, Metabolism, & Cardiovascular Disease, 21, doi: /j.numecd