KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM ANIMALIA

How many organisms are there in the world?

–250,000 plants –750,000 insects –43,000 vertebrates n 4200 mammals n 9000 birds n 6300 reptiles n 4200 amphibians n 18,000 bony fishes n 900 cartilaginous fishes and jawless fishes 1.5 million known species on earth

CHARACTERISTICS n EUKARYOTIC n MULTICELLULAR n HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion) n MOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFE n DIGEST FOOD TO GET NUTRIENTS n LACK CELL WALLS

TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTION n CELL SPECIALIZATION n CEPHALIZATION n EARLY DEVELOPMENT n BODY SYMMETRY n BODY CAVITY FORMATION

CELL SPECIALIZATION n CELLS FORM TISSUES –EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities) –CONNECTIVE (bone, blood) –MUSCULAR (heart, biceps) –NERVOUS (brain, nerves)

CEPHALIZATION n CONCENTRATION OF SENSE ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT FRONT END OF BODY

EARLY DEVELOPMENT n FERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTE n BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells) n GASTRULA (stage when layers that produce adult tissues form) n GERM LAYER FORMATION

GERM LAYERS n ECTODERM n ENDODERM n MESODERM

GERM LAYERS n ECTODERM –Covers surface of embryo –Forms outer covering & CNS n ENDODERM –Innermost germ layer –Forms lining of digestive tract, liver, lungs n MESODERM –Located b/w ectoderm & endoderm –Forms muscles & most organs

2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT n PROTOSTOMES –mouth forms from the opening (blastopore) of the gastrula n DEUTEROSTOMES –anus forms from the opening (blastopore) of the gastrula during development

BODY SYMMETRY n Animal’s body plans are adapted for how they get their food n they may be motile (move) or sessile (don’t move)

3 TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRY n Asymmetrical-no symmetry (ex, sponge) Bilateral- body plan in which single line can divide body into 2 equal parts n Radial-body plan in which body parts repeat around center of body

ANATOMICAL TERMS n Dorsal- top or back n Ventral- bottom n Anterior- head end that goes first n Posterior- tail end that follows n Lateral- along the side (lengthwise)

ANATOMICAL TERMS Dorsal Anterior Posterior Ventral

BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION n ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w digestive tract and outer body wall ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION n PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)

BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION n COELOMATE- body cavity forms and cushions organs, allows for growth of organs. Ex. Annelids (earthworm)

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS n HERBIVORES- eat vegetation such as plants

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS n CARNIVORES- eat other animals

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS n OMNIVORES- feed on both vegetation & other animals

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS n FILTER FEEDERS - feed by straining tiny floating plants

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS n DETRITUS FEEDERS - feed on tiny bits of decaying matter Sea Cucumber

FEEDING HETEROTROPHS n PARASITES - feed on living organisms usually destroying or injuring the host organism

2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF ANIMALS n INVERTEBRATES –95% of animal species –No backbone n VERTEBRATES –5% of animal species –Contains backbone

Animals - Invertebrates n Phylum Proifera –Sponges, primitive filter feeders n Phylum Cnidaria –Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones n Phylum Mollusca –Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams –Gastropods – snails, slugs –Cephalopods – squids, octopi n Phylum Echinodermata –Sea urchins and sea stars n Phylum Arthropoda –Spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects, millipedes, and more

Animals - Vertebrates n 50,000 vertebrates n 2 groups –Jawless forms (Class Agnatha) n Hagfishes, lampreys –Jawed forms – most of the animals we know n Condrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes, sharks, rays n Osteichthyes – bony fishes n Amphibia – salamanders, frogs, toads n Reptilia – snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles n Aves – birds n Mammalia - mammals

Animals – Vertebrate Classes Condrichthyes

Animals – Vertebrate Classes Osteichthyes

Animals – Vertebrate Classes Amphibia

Animals – Vertebrate Classes Reptilia

Animals – Vertebrate Classes Aves

Mammalia