New Techniques for Visualizing and Evaluating Left Ventricular Performance Burkhard Wünsche 1 & Alistair Young 2 1 Division for Biomedical Imaging & Visualization Department of Computer Science 2 Department of Anatomy with Radiology University of Auckland New Zealand

Introduction Heart diseases remain the biggest killer in the western world. Heart diseases remain the biggest killer in the western world. An improved understanding of cardiac mechanics might advance the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. An improved understanding of cardiac mechanics might advance the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. This presentation explains how myocardial deformation can be measured and visualized. This presentation explains how myocardial deformation can be measured and visualized.

Overview Myocardial strain Myocardial strain A left-ventricular finite element model A left-ventricular finite element model Computing ventricular performance measures Computing ventricular performance measures Visualizing myocardial strain Visualizing myocardial strain Conclusion Conclusion

Myocardial Strain Regional altered myocardial mechanics have been originally determined by measuring wall thickening. Regional altered myocardial mechanics have been originally determined by measuring wall thickening. A full description of the myocardial deformation is given by the strain tensor which is mathematical represented by a 3x3 matrix. A full description of the myocardial deformation is given by the strain tensor which is mathematical represented by a 3x3 matrix.

Finite Element Modelling The geometry of an element is defined by specifying coordinates, coordinate derivatives and interpolation functions. Material CoordinatesWorld Coordinates

Finite Element Model of the Left Ventricle Developed by Alistair A. Young et. al., 1994/95 University of Pennsylvania.

Measuring Myocardial Strain Use tagged MRI data set Use tagged MRI data set Compute displacement field from points on tag lines Compute displacement field from points on tag lines Compute strain tensor from displacement gradient tensor Compute strain tensor from displacement gradient tensor

Computing Volume Measures Substitution rule for multi-dimensional integration [Heuser 1981] Substitution rule for multi-dimensional integration [Heuser 1981] - Ω is the domain of the finite element - f is the identity function - x(ξ) is the mapping from material to world coordinates. Efficiently evaluated using Gaussian Quadrature. Efficiently evaluated using Gaussian Quadrature.

Myocardial Volume Select all elements and sum up their volume Select all elements and sum up their volume Volume reduction higher than expected due to underestimation of wall thickening caused by the limited tag line resolution in radial direction. Volume reduction higher than expected due to underestimation of wall thickening caused by the limited tag line resolution in radial direction.

Ventricular Volume Construct new elements modelling the ventricular cavity. Construct new elements modelling the ventricular cavity.

Computing Area Measures

The Visualization of Myocardial Strain Principal Strains Any 3-dimensional symmetric tensor T has 3 eigenvalues i and 3 mutually perpendicular eigenvectors v i such that The eigenvalues of a strain tensor E are called the principal strains and the corresponding eigenvectors are called the principal directions.

Tensor Ellipsoids

Hyperstreamlines – Maximum Principal Strain

Hyperstreamlines – Minimum Principal Strain

Line Integral Convolution

Colour Mapped Surfaces and Isosurfaces Separate regions of expanding and compressive strain. Separate regions of expanding and compressive strain.

Conclusion Visualizing the strain field improves the understanding of the complex deformation of the heart muscle. Using techniques new to the biomedical field offers additional insight. Tensor ellipsoids and hyperstreamlines make it possible to visualize complex deformation in a single image. Line integral convolution uncovered the presence of degenerate points at which the principal strain suddenly changes direction. Visual information can be supplemented by computing ventricular performance measures.

Future Work Further investigations necessary to find the relationship between degenerate points in the strain field, the myocardial fiber structure and the ventricular anatomy. Further investigations necessary to find the relationship between degenerate points in the strain field, the myocardial fiber structure and the ventricular anatomy. Explore applications for diagnosis and surgical planning. Explore applications for diagnosis and surgical planning. Visualize other data sets, in particular models of ischemic myocardium. Visualize other data sets, in particular models of ischemic myocardium.

Acknowledgements Dr. Richard White of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, for providing the tagged MRI data of a heart diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. Dr. Richard White of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, for providing the tagged MRI data of a heart diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy.