Mapping The art of mapmaking is known as cartography - Has changed a lot over time (just 500 years ago the Earth was flat!!) Practical reasons such as Locating a particular place Locating a particular place Political boundaries Political boundaries zoning zoning mountain elevation mountain elevation environmental & population distribution environmental & population distribution Why do we have maps?

Global Grid  Latitude and longitude are lines on the globe that are used to determine location. Latitude is distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. ( 0 = Equator ) (the equator divides the world into northern and southern hemispheres) Latitude is distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. ( 0 = Equator ) (the equator divides the world into northern and southern hemispheres) Longitude is distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees. ( 0 = Prime Meridian ) (runs through Greenwich, England) Longitude is distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees. ( 0 = Prime Meridian ) (runs through Greenwich, England) (prime meridian divides the world into eastern and western hemispheres) Time is based from the Prime Meridian Time is based from the Prime Meridian Measured in degrees (Earth = 360° in circumference)

Global Grid

1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface  No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place because maps are a flat representation of a 3 dimensional Earth. Mapmakers have, however, found ways to limit the distortion of shape, size, distance and direction. Map: a flat representation of the Earth’s surface. Globe: a 3 dimensional model that more accurately portrays the Earth.

Different types of Maps 5.Topographic Maps Differ from other maps because they show elevation of the Earth’s surfaceDiffer from other maps because they show elevation of the Earth’s surface Used by geologist, hikers, campers, military, and anyone else interested in the elevation of an area.Used by geologist, hikers, campers, military, and anyone else interested in the elevation of an area. Contour lines – lines used to indicate a certain elevation. Every point along a contour line has the same elevation.

Topographic Maps Contour interval – is the difference in elevation between adjacent lines ( the contour lines next to one another ) By looking at topographic maps we can tell how steep certain areas are and where hills and valleys are located.By looking at topographic maps we can tell how steep certain areas are and where hills and valleys are located. Lines that are closer together indicate a steep slope.Lines that are closer together indicate a steep slope. Lines that are farther apart indicate a gentler slope.Lines that are farther apart indicate a gentler slope.

Topographic Maps Gradient = slope (Rise over Run) Gradient = slope (Rise over Run) (∆Y/∆X) A contour maps shows a change in elevation of 60 meters between 2 points that are 3 kilometers apart. What is the gradient? 60m/3km = 20m/km

Let’s see what you know. 400m 800m 1000m 1200m A B C D E F 600m

1. What is the contour interval of this map? 2. What has been added to the topo map to indicate the depression at the top of this hill? 3. What is the highest elevation of this hill?

4. In which direction is Hammer Stream flowing?

5. What is the contour interval of this map? 6. What is the highest elevation of the island? 7. In which direction is Amethyst River flowing? 8. On which side of diamond peaks is the steepest slope? 9. What are the elevations of the following points? A. B. C.

10. What is the contour interval of this map? 11. Which side of the hill has the steepest slope?

12. What is the contour interval of this map? 13. What is the change in elevation between points X and Y? 14. In which direction is Snapper Creek flowing? 15. What is the highest elevation on this map?

16. Which side of this island is steeper? 17. What is the elevation of the outermost contour line? 18. In which direction is Mud Creek flowing? 19. What is the contour interval of this map? 20. Is there a difference in elevation of points A, B, and D? How do you know?