Personality

What are the perspectives on personality? Psychoanalytic Humanistic Trait Social cognitive The self

Psychoanalytic perspective Sigmund Freud The mind is like an iceberg Conscious (Above the water) Unconscious Larger (Below the water) Thoughts Feelings Memories

Freud’s personality theory Id = Pleasure principle Sex & violence Hedonistic Ego = Reality principle Mediates between Id and Superego Superego = conscious Pride and guilt

Freud’s personality iceberg

How do we evaluate the unconscious? Projective tests Ambiguous stimuli that people “project” information onto E.g. describe or tell a story Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Patient makes up a story based on ambiguous pictures Rorschach Test 10 inkblots - people discuss what they see in the inkblots Designed to identify people’s inner unconscious feelings Not successful in predicting behavior or diagnosis

Ego defense mechanisms Repression Underlies all other defense mechanisms Keeps repressed urges (e.g. incest) from becoming conscious Regression Retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage of development Reaction formation Doing the opposite of what you actually feel Inadequate feelings become bravado “I hate him” becomes ” I love him” Makes unacceptable impulses more acceptable

Ego defense mechanisms (Cont.) Projection Projecting your unacceptable impulses to others E.g. “He is lying like everyone else.” Rationalization Thinking up socially acceptable reasons for your negative behavior. E.g. “I only steal from rich people” Displacement Diverts sexual or aggressive energies toward a more acceptable target. E.g. Mad child kicks the pet.

What is the Humanistic Perspective? The self concept - “Who am I” A basic focus of the Humanistic perspective Maslow’s Self-actualization People strive for self-actualization To be the best you can be After other needs are met for physiological, safety, love, and self-esteem

Humanistic Perspective (cont.) Carl Rogers - Person Centered Perspective Unconditional positive regard If we feel accepted, we will be more open and expressive.

What is the Trait Perspective? Traits = Characteristic behaviors or disposition Myers-Briggs type indicator Describes personalities in complimentary terms Extroversion or introversion Thinking or feeling

Trait Perspective (cont.) MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Most widely used personality inventory Used to identify emotional disorders

MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

What is the Social Cognitive Perspective? How does learning & thinking & society influence each other? Reciprocal Determinism Albert Bandura Behavior, internal personal factors, and the environment all operate to determine each other.

Reciprocal Determinism

Locus of control Internal locus of control External locus of control “I personally control my destiny.” External locus of control “Outside forces which I can not control determine my destiny.”

What is Learned Helplessness? Repeatedly faced with traumatic events over which people have no control, people feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed.

Exploring your “self concept” Benefits of positive self esteem: More persistent at tasks Less likely to use drugs and conform to group pressure Happier Self serving bias We like to perceive ourselves favorably We contribute successes to our own effort and failure to factors beyond our control.