Black Hawk & Chief Joseph Surrenders Presentation by Bre Schuett, Paige Maag, and Marissa North

Black Hawk Background Born Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (Black Sparrow Hawk) in 1767 By age 15, became a “brave” (need to kill or injure enemy in battle) By age 45, he had killed 30 enemy warriors

Black Hawk Background Went against customs; married young and stayed faithful to his wife, Asshewaqua (Singing Bird) Rejected Christianity and practiced in ancient Sauk religion Sauk tribe signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, promised friendship and protection by United States

Black Hawk Background Signed another treaty that gave the government 15 million acres of Sauk land in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri Government paid them $2, Black Hawk and other chiefs argued treaty was not valid and those who signed it did not represent all of them

Black Hawk Background Government insisted it was binding In 1808, Americans built a fort in the disputed territory, and Black Hawk decided to lead a war party to destroy the fort Backed off when confronted with loaded cannons

Chief Joseph Background Born In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat (Thunder Traveling Over the Mountains) in Wallowa Valley (northeastern Oregon) in 1840 More commonly known as Younger Joseph (father was Older Joseph) Succeeded his father after Old Joseph’s death in 1871

Chief Joseph Background Resisted attempts of white settlers to force them into a small Idaho reservation An 1873 government order made white settlers leave Government reversed their decision in 1877

Chief Joseph Background General Oliver Otis Howard threatened an attack if they would not move Chief Joseph reluctantly led his tribe to Idaho Never made it there

Chief Joseph Background About twenty young warriors, enraged about loss of home, staged a raid and killed several white settlers Army instantly started to pursue tribe Chief Joseph was pushed to war

Chief Joseph Background 700 Indians (only 200 were actually warriors) fought 2,000 American soldiers Marched 1,400 miles Held off the American soldiers for an impressively long time Eventually gave up

Historical Significance Black Hawk Bre! Chief Joseph Bre!

Black Hawk’s Farewell Have you read the story? Write down the key points.

Chief Joseph’s Surrender List key points about the differences you noticed.

Similarities and Differences Both Indians Both chiefs Both fought US Both defeated Black Hawk taken prisoner Black Hawk = Sauk Chief Joseph = Nez Percé

Differences in Tone Black Hawk was more optimistic, even if he was defeated, Indians as a whole would not be defeated Chief Joseph was more sad and gave up