Mode A critical term usually identifying a broad, but identifiable literary method, mood, or manner, that is not tied exclusively to a particular form.

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Presentation transcript:

Mode A critical term usually identifying a broad, but identifiable literary method, mood, or manner, that is not tied exclusively to a particular form or genre. Some examples are the satiric mode, the ironic mode, the comic mode, the pastoral mode…

Review: what is the pastoral?

Pastoral An idealized non-urban space where humans are free from labor and live more closely in tune with the environment and each other. There are often shepherds.

What is the pastoral? 1. Specific tradition of poetry (pattern of retreat and return) 2. (+) Any literature that describes the country with an implicit or explicit contrast to (or critique of) the urban. 3. (-) Idealization (and such idealization is problematic)

Buell suggests that there are 7 environmental “projects” in Walden: 1. Pastoral project of edenic recovery 2. Pastoral project of critique 3. Experiment in frugality (adds georgic elements to his use of pastoral) 4. Interest in natural history (the seasons, proto-ecological) 5. Landscape aesthetics 6. Geography (landscape of Concord vs. landscape of the text) 7. “Politics” of nature

Checklist of characteristics of environmental texts The nonhuman environment is present not merely as a framing device but as a presence that begins to suggest that human history is implicated in natural history. The human interest is not understood to be the only legitimate interest. Human accountability to the environment is part of the text’s ethical orientation. Some sense of the environment as a process rather than a constant or a given is at least implicit in the text.