Imperialism

To Civilize 10 Minutes Introduction to Scramble For Africa

The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA Mid-1800s Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa

Africa (1880)

Exploration Dr. Livingstone, I Presume?” David Livingstone Doctor/Missionary Open the interior of Africa for commerce & Christianity David Livingstone

The Scramble for Africa King Leopold II of Belgium # 1. Colonization of Africa by Europeans #3 Great Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Belgium

Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.

Economic Motives #1 Industrialized nations sought: Raw materials Natural resources A cheap labor supply New marketplaces for manufactured goods Control means of production

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18 th century Britain’s advantages The spread of industrialization

Technological Advances The steam engine Better transportation Increased exploration Improvements in communication The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa One of the first steam engines

Cecil Rhodes British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa #9

This cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent. “The Rhodes Colossus”

Motives #1 Religious: to spread the benefits of Christianity and Western Culture Political: competition fuel by Nationalism, Empire Building

Describe 3 examples of European ethnocentrism in the political cartoon. Christianity Civilization

Imperialism Quote “If you woke up one morning and found that somebody had come to your house, and had declared that the house belonged to him, you would naturally be surprised, and you would like to know by what arrangement.” –Jomo Kenyatta – 1 st President of Kenya How does this quote show an African reaction to European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples

Imperialism Quote Desmond Tutu … “when the missionaries came to Africa, they had the Bible and we had the land. They said ‘let us close our eyes and pray’. When we opened them, we had the Bible, and they had the land”. How does this quote show an African reaction to European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples

British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897 The Maxim Gun #4

The Berlin Conference 1884 #5 Rules to divide Africa among European powers to avoid conflict among European powers= Artificial Borders Moral Justification #6: To civilize – “Like Me”

By 1914, only two African nations remained independent Liberia and Ethiopia #2 England and France controlled most of Africa #7 European Control of Africa

Direct vs. Indirect Rule #8 European nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule: Indirect rule: colonies were ruled through existing traditional rulers Example: Nigeria Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer Example: Senegal Result: loss of power and influence By Traditional rulers

Cash Crop/Money Economy #10 Africans sold labor to make money to pay taxes Problems –Created dependence on Colonial rulers

#11 Purpose of the Railroads was to extract wealth

#12 Aim of Colonial Rulers To benefit Colonial economies accomplished by cash crop system and forced labor King Leopold II of Belgium Cecil Rhodes

#13 African Resistance and failure Many Africans resisted European rule –Millions of Africans died –Europeans = superior military technology North Africa: Algerians fought French West Africa: Ibo and Fulani fought British Congo Free State: 20 years of fighting Ethiopia exception: European training preserved independence

African Resistance #13 Africans Confront Imperialism –Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons Unsuccessful Movements –Algeria fights the French for 50 years –German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths Successful Movements –Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II –Plays Europeans against each other –Stockpiles modern weapons –Defeats Italy and remains independent

The Legacy of Imperialism Mozambican war refugees, 1978 Caricature of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin

How do the pictures show how life changed for Africans after the arrival of Europeans? 3 examples

A Closer Look at Imperialism in Africa European quest to control natural resources Doing so led to drastic changes in the infrastructure of the continent The port of Zanzibar around 1900

Transportation, Communication, Education, Medical Care

Effects New political systems – –Direct and Indirect Rule New Economic pattern: –money economy, cash crops, taxes, dependence, lack of diversity Transportation Communication Education Sanitation and water systems Medical Care migrant workers, chibaro (forced labor) –= breakdown of Family New attitude towards land –= Land ownership

Effects Racism Christianity Artificial boundaries Educated African elite Nationalism Westernization Generalization: change and breakdown of traditional values and organizations

Economic Consequences Result: Slowed development and modernization Cash Crops depleted the soil and made it difficult to grow subsistence crops. undermine local industries because they sucked up most of the labor force. once colonies gained their independence, years of dependence on a single cash crop made it difficult to modernize and diversify their economies

#15 Effects of WWII in Africa Turning point to the Rise of Nationalist Movements –Why? African saw the human side of European while serving together – not superior – destroyed their invincibility An increasing number of Africans reasoned that a war in which Europeans slaughtered fellow Europeans, meant that colonial regimes had little right to lecture African leaders and people about how to conduct their affairs

Effects of European Imperialism on Africa Directions: Using your answers from question #14 from Scramble for Africa sheet and pages from the text, categorize the effects of European Imperialism on Africa an improvement or disruption to African culture. Improvement/BenefitDisruption Was European Imperialism in Africa more disruptive or beneficial to the African culture and its people? Support your answer with evidence.

Improvement Material Improvements –Transportation and communication –RR and Telegraphs –Hospitals –Sanitation and water systems –Formal education system (western) Educated African elite Nationalism

Disruption Disruption of Traditional African Life New political systems New Economic pattern: money economy, cash crops, taxes, economic dependence, lack of diversity migrant workers, chibaro = breakdown of Family New attitude towards land Racism Christianity Artificial boundaries westernization Generalization: change and breakdown of traditional values and organizations