The World of Earth Science Chapter 1

Section 1 Branches of Earth Science Objectives –Describe the four major branches of Earth science –Identify four examples of Earth science that are linked to other areas of science

Geology – Science That Rocks The study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth and the processes that shape the Earth is called _______. A geologist who studies fossils is called a ____________. A geologist who studies earthquakes is called a ___________. A geologist who studies volcanoes is called a ___________. paleontologist geology seismologist volcanologist

Oceanography- Water, Water Everywhere Studies plants and animals that live in the ocean Studies amounts and distributions of natural and human-made chemicals in the ocean Studies waves and ocean currents to see how the affect weather patterns and aquatic life Studies the ocean floor for clues about Earth’s history Biological Oceanographer Chemical Oceanographer Physical Oceanographer Geological Oceanographer

Today, oceanographers use miniature submarines to explore the ocean floor. Rock chimneys on the ocean floor that spew black clouds are called black smokers.

Meteorology-It’s a Gas! Why did fewer people die during Hurricane Andrew than during the similar storm that hit Florida in 1928? –Hurricane tracking and weather forecasting Why do meteorologists like Howard Bluestein chase tornadoes? –To help predict how a tornado will behave

Astronomy-Far, Far, Away One type of instrument astronomers use is called a ______ ________. _____ _________ are used to study objects that do not give off light. Astronomers can learn about bodies in space by studying the patterns formed from _________________. The ____ is the closest star to the Earth. Optical telescope Radio telescopes radio waves in space sun

Special Branches of Earth Science The study of how humans interact with the environment is known as __________________. A scientists who studies communities of organisms and their nonliving environment is called an _________. Geochemistry combines the studies of what two areas of science? –Geology –Chemistry Scientists who study the Earth’s surface features are __________________. Scientists who make maps of the Earth’s surface are called_____________. environmental science ecologists physical geographers Cartographers

Section 2 Scientific Methods in Earth Science Objectives –Explain how scientists begin to learn about the natural world. –Explain what scientific methods are and how scientists use them. –Identify the importance of communicating the results of a scientific investigation. –Describe how scientific investigations often lead to new investigations.

How do scientists begin to learn about the natural world? –They ask questions What is the goal of scientists when they use the scientific method? –To come up with reliable answers and solutions Steps to the scientific method –Ask a question –Form a Hypothesis –Test the Hypothesis –Analyze the Results –Draw Conclusions –Communicate Results –Case Colsed?

Ask a question Why do scientists ask questions? –To focus the purpose of an investigation Form a Hypothesis What is a hypothesis –An explanation that is based on prior scientific research or observations and that can be tested The Scientific Method

Test the Hypothesis How do scientist test hypotheses? –By gathering data An experiment that tests only one factor, or variable, at a time is a ___________________. What is the purpose of changing only one variable in an experiment? –If more than on variable is changes, scientists cannot easily determine which variable caused the outcome. controlled experiment

The Scientific Method Analyze the Results What do scientists often do to organized and summarize their data? –They often make tables and graphs Draw Conclusions Why do scientists draw conclusions about their results? –To see if their results supported their hypotheses. What can scientists do if their tests do not support their hypothesis? –They may repeat investigations to check for errors

The Scientific Method Communicate Results What do other scientists do after the results of an investigation are shared? –Other scientists evaluate the evidence. They also review the experimental procedure, data, and explanations. If they disagree, they may further investigate to find the truth. Case Closed? Why might an investigation continue after its results are accepted?

Section 3 Scientific Models Objectives –Explain how models are used in science –Describe the three types of models –Identify which types of models are best for certain topics –Describe the climate model as an example of a mathematical model

Models Model made up of mathematical equations and data Model made up of many hypotheses Model that you can touch and that looks and acts like a real thing Mathematical Model Conceptual Model Physical Model

Section Four Measurement and Safety Objectives –Explain the importance of the International System of Units –Determine appropriate units to use for particular measurements –Identify lab safety symbols and determine what they mean

Measurement and Safety Long ago, standardized units were based on______________. Why was the International System of Units (SI) developed? –To have a global measurement system parts of the body

Temperature The unit that scientists usually use to describe temperature The SI unit for temperature The unit that describes normal body temperature as 98.6 F Degrees Celsius Kelvin Degrees Fahrenheit