Recognizing : Incorporating Source Citations Dr. Wesley Buerkle

To Recognize  “That’s one!”  Give props

Where we’re NOT going  Textual ownership  Non-native English speakers (EL2)  Cryptomnesia  Intentional Plagiarism

Where we ARE going  Literature on Inadvertent Plagiarism  Study 1: “Why do(n’t) you cite?”  Study 2: Using Training Modules  Study 3: Peer Modeling  What we can do

Inadvertent Plagiarism  Uncertainty  Incompetence  Indifference  Troublesome

“Why do(n’t) you cite?” Students’ Decision Process

“Why do(n’t) you cite?” SSurveyed 326 ETSU students from gen. ed., oral communication classes EExamined likely intent to cite from EExpected Outcomes SSocial Norm CConfidence Theory of Planned Behavior

“Why do(n’t) you cite?”  Expected Outcomes  Social Norm  Confidence  Citing sources will enhance credibility  Citing source will enhance my credibility (6.2 [1 to 7])  Increasing my credibility is desirable (2.5 (-3 to +3])

“Why do(n’t) you cite?”  Expected Outcomes  Social Norm  Confidence  Teacher  Classmate

“Why do(n’t) you cite?”  Expected Outcomes  Social Norm  Confidence  Counterproductive  ??

Using Training Modules * Education Makes a Difference *Funded by a grant from ETSU’s Instructional Development Committee

Using Training Modules  308 ETSU students  Instructional materials & mastery quiz  Required of every student  Before first assignment  Ticket to ride

Using Training Modules  Online training (D2L)  What constitutes plagiarism  Basic elements of a citation  Paraphrasing  Citations for web sources  Using secondary sources EXAMPLES

Using Training Modules  Mastery Quiz (D2L)  12 questions  38 question bank  Determined sections (11)  Mastery = 100%

For a speech on the role of peer pressure in high school students’ decision to drink excessively, which of the following is the MOST appropriate to use in a speech? A. Arata, Stafford, and Tims write in Adolescence, 2003, that “Problem drinkers reported greater susceptibility to peer pressure.” B. An article in Adolescence, a premier journal on teen behavior, contained an article in 2003 that “Problem drinkers reported greater susceptibility to peer pressure.” C. Arata, Stafford, and Tims, respected researchers in the field of psychology, write in 2003, “Problem drinkers reported greater susceptibility to peer pressure.” D. In Adolesence, 2003, pages , it says that “Problem drinkers reported greater susceptibility to peer pressure.”

Using Training Modules  Speeches recorded and scored  Success!  Average 13% improvement  Varied widely by instructor  Up to 25% improvement

Peer Modeling * Students See, Students Do *Funded by grants from ETSU’s Instructional Development Committee & Research Development Committee

Peer Modeling  191 students  Students saw either  a video of an “ETSU student” speech  a video of a “Purdue student” speech  no video

Peer Modeling  Speeches recorded and scored  Success!  Having a model made a difference  Seeing the “ETSU student” improved scores

 Students want to be credible  Students are unsure of the how  Students can learn to recognize  Social (classroom) norms matter What, then, do we know?

What We Can Do Possibilities

Talk about the Importance of Recognizing  Why recognizing is important  Ethical  Practical (e.g., credibility)  Treat recognizing with importance  Policy and/or grade

Using D2L – TurnItIn  Imperfect but very helpful  Can help students be more aware  Frame as instructional not punitive  Literature Review – DRAFT  Literature Review – FINAL

Focus on Training  Spend time on the process  Provide examples  Require evidence of mastery  D2L Quiz  Minor assignment  In-class exercises

Modeling Bad Modeling  Books/Articles  Minimize recognition  Endnotes  String citations  May not “openly name” researchers Better Modeling  Books/Articles  Talk about incorporation  Examples  They Say/I Say  Address the readings  Their goals

Modeling Better Modeling  Lectures  We don’t recognize  Unquestioned expert  PowerPoint  Citation slides  Page addresses  Lectures  Recognize sources  PowerPoint  Recognize Non-parenthetical Bad Modeling

Questions Comments Discussion