Chapter 17

 Forming the pluperfect tense in Latin is SO easy! Just follow these steps: 1. Find the perfect stem. The perfect stem is found by looking at the third principal part of the verb and removing the –i. ▪ Example: amo, amare, amavi, amatus perfect stem=amav-

 Add the letters “era” to the perfect stem.  Example: amavera-

 Add the personal endings. (Use the same ones you used for the imperfect.) -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

Amo, amare, amavi, amatus SingularPlural 1 st personamaveramamaveramus 2 nd personamaverasamaveratis 3 rd personamaveratamaverant

 Duco, ducere, duxi, ductus SingularPlural 1 st personduxeramduxeramus 2 nd personduxerasduxeratis 3 rd personduxeratduxerant

 Always translate the pluperfect with the word, “had.”  Examples:  amo, amare, amavi, amatus ▪ amaveram= I had loved  moneo, monere, monui, monitus ▪ monuerat= he had warned  capio, capere, cepi, captus ▪ ceperamus= we had captured

 Although sum and possum are irregular verbs, the pluperfect is still formed just as any other regular verb would be.

SingularPlural 1 st personFueram – I had beenFueramus- we had been 2 nd personFueras- you had beenFueratis- you had been 3 rd personFuerat- he had beenFuerant- they had been

SingularPlural 1 st personPotueram - I had been able Potueramus - we had been able 2 nd personPotueras - you had been able Potueratis - you had been able 3 rd personPotuerat - he had been able Potuerant - they had been able