© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 Remaking the World: Innovation and Renewal on Environmental Frontiers in the Late First Millennium

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Focus Questions HOW DID geography influence the transmission of culture in sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas? WHAT WERE the environmental consequences of the Islamic conquests? HOW DID Japan, China, and the states of southeast Asia seek to stimulate economic growth? HOW DID Pacific islanders succeed in colonizing the Pacific? WHERE DID Christendom expand in the eighth and ninth centuries? WHERE—if anywhere—did civilizations experience “dark ages” in this period? HOW WIDESPREAD during the history of this period was ecological experiment?

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Islamic World Military expansion brings contact with new peoples and foods. Military expansion brings contact with new peoples and foods. Rice, citrus, cotton, etc. Rice, citrus, cotton, etc. Establishment of Islamic Empire also connects peoples and allows them to share new ideas about food production. Establishment of Islamic Empire also connects peoples and allows them to share new ideas about food production. Creation of a larger market Creation of a larger market Relative peace within the empire Relative peace within the empire Together these give impetus to people to expand agricultural production into areas not previously cultivated. Together these give impetus to people to expand agricultural production into areas not previously cultivated.

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Christendom Military expansion into new areas in Central Europe Military expansion into new areas in Central Europe Establishment of new Christian states in Slavic lands, Bulgaria Establishment of new Christian states in Slavic lands, Bulgaria Establishment of new Christian states in Asturias and Barcelona in Spain Establishment of new Christian states in Asturias and Barcelona in Spain Expansion into areas of pagan Britain Expansion into areas of pagan Britain

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. China Government encourages expansion through building of canal systems and more extensive irrigation. Government encourages expansion through building of canal systems and more extensive irrigation. Population expands and begins to move into previously uncultivated areas or to take areas from other peoples. Population expands and begins to move into previously uncultivated areas or to take areas from other peoples. Encouragement of small land holdings increases food production. Encouragement of small land holdings increases food production.

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Japan Governmental policies encourage population growth through adoption of new technologies in rice production and plowing. Governmental policies encourage population growth through adoption of new technologies in rice production and plowing. Encouragement to expand into and colonize frontier regions and to displace indigenous populations Encouragement to expand into and colonize frontier regions and to displace indigenous populations

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Southeast Asia New agricultural technologies increase food production. New agricultural technologies increase food production. Populations rise and new states appear: Khmer, Viet, Srivijaya, Sailendra. Populations rise and new states appear: Khmer, Viet, Srivijaya, Sailendra. Srivijaya and Sailendra are also boosted by increased trade through the South Pacific islands. Srivijaya and Sailendra are also boosted by increased trade through the South Pacific islands.

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Polynesia Development of new technologies such as outrigger and new navigation Development of new technologies such as outrigger and new navigation Spread of Polynesians across the Pacific Ocean Spread of Polynesians across the Pacific Ocean

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Andean Civilizations Development of new technologies in irrigation provides ability of Moché and Nazca and others to develop states. Development of new technologies in irrigation provides ability of Moché and Nazca and others to develop states. Not long-lasting Not long-lasting

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Maya Increased food production plus heightened trade in “cash” crops such as cacao increase population. Increased food production plus heightened trade in “cash” crops such as cacao increase population. Elites help support this through religious practices. Elites help support this through religious practices. Role of cacao throughout Mesoamerica Role of cacao throughout Mesoamerica Agricultural techniques spread north. Agricultural techniques spread north. Maya “collapse” may have in large part been a failure in agricultural production. Maya “collapse” may have in large part been a failure in agricultural production.

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Conclusion Around the globe, the rise of states and their success was tied to new developments in agricultural technology and production. When it succeeded they expanded and succeeded; when it failed, they failed with it. Around the globe, the rise of states and their success was tied to new developments in agricultural technology and production. When it succeeded they expanded and succeeded; when it failed, they failed with it.

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. A Closer Look Royal Bloodletting Royal Bloodletting Click on link to open PDF

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Today’s Question Do we have any place left to go? Consider The voyages of the Polynesians were amazing feats of exploration and settlement, opening up a whole new world for human communities. They also filled the last great hole in human habitation outside of Antarctica. The voyages of the Polynesians were amazing feats of exploration and settlement, opening up a whole new world for human communities. They also filled the last great hole in human habitation outside of Antarctica. Other new opportunities in the time of this chapter were also on ecological frontiers Other new opportunities in the time of this chapter were also on ecological frontiers And the prospect of environmental catastrophe again is an issue And the prospect of environmental catastrophe again is an issue What other environments offer possible destinations for human occupation? What other environments offer possible destinations for human occupation? Is colonization of undersea environments, nearby planets, or even deep space a real possibility? Is colonization of undersea environments, nearby planets, or even deep space a real possibility? What are the implications if all frontiers close? What are the implications if all frontiers close?