Child Development Unit 3 3.1 Pregnancy

Increase of uterus size Enlarged/tender breasts Nausea Signs of Pregnancy Missing a period Increase of uterus size Enlarged/tender breasts Nausea Increased need to urinate

Stage of the zygote(ovum) Prenatal Development Stage of the zygote(ovum) Lasts two weeks

Stage of the embryo 3rd-8th week Muscles, bones, organs are developed Baby is enclosed in a fluid-filled pouch called the amniotic sac The amniotic fluid protects the baby Tissue connecting the embryo to the uterine wall becomes the placenta

The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placenta Baby gets nutrients through the umbilical cord and placenta and returns waste products back to the mother the same way

Stage of the fetus 9th – 40th week Baby rapidly increases in size

Physical Changes of Pregnancy Pregnancy divided into trimesters – each are 3 months long 1st trimester – gain 2-4 pounds, sleepy, emotional swings

2nd trimester – abdomen enlarges, gain about a pound per week 4th or 5th month begin to feel movements of fetus like flutters which is called quickening 6th month can see baby kicking 3rd trimester – gain about a pound per week Baby drops head down into pelvis which is called lightening

Common Discomforts Back pain Nausea varicose veins Tired Mood swings Frequent urination Shortness of breath Heartburn Muscle cramps

Complete medical history Weight and height First Medical Exam Complete medical history Weight and height

Head-to-toe physical exam Urine sample Blood drawn to determine blood type if you are anemic (low in iron) Rh factor: substance present in 85% of poplulations blood If rh- and partner is rh+ the fetus will be rh+ which will produce a substance that enters the pregnant womans blood and fights the fetal red blood cells

Pelvic exam Estimates due date Feel and check uterus and vagina Measure pelvis to make sure large enough to allows baby to pass Checks cervix and does a pap smear Estimates due date 280 days from the beginning of the pregnant woman’t last menstrual period

High Risk Pregnancies Family history of genetic disorders Under age 17 Rh incompatibility with partner Previous history of pregnancy problems Under age 17 Over age 35 Underweight Overweight Heart disease diabetes

can detect more than 100 birth defects Prenatal test can detect more than 100 birth defects Ultrasonography – high frequency sound waves are bounced off the developing fetus to produce a video image Determines skeletal and internal organ birth defects

Amniocentesis – checks for abnormal chromosomes in fetus Doctor inserts a needled through the wals of the mother’s abdomen and uterus Doctor withdraws amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus in the uterus

Chorionic villus sampling – doctor inserts a catheter through the vagina into the uterus Doctor withdraws small amount of tissue Done during 10th week of pregnancy Checks for chromosome abnormalities

Miscarriage - body expels the embryo/fetus before it can fully develop Termination Miscarriage - body expels the embryo/fetus before it can fully develop Usually something wrong with the baby when this happens Abortion – removal of fetus Done during 1st trimester

Warning Signs Vaginal bleeding Fever Swelling of face/hands Severe vomiting Severe headaches Blurred vision Vaginal discharge Fever Painful urination Preterm labor Absence of fetal movement for 6 hour period during 3rd trimester

3.2 Prenatal Care

Eat a balanced diet Keep exercising Gain about 25-35 pounds A healthy pregnancy Eat a balanced diet Keep exercising Gain about 25-35 pounds

Weight Gain Fetus = 7.5 lbs. Uterus = 2 Placenta = 1.5 Amniotic fluid = 2 Blood volume = 3 Extracellular fluid = 2 Breast tissue = 1 Body fat = 9

Dangers to Fetus X-rays Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine Drugs Prescription medications Sexually transmitted diseases X-rays

Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) High blood pressure Protein may be detected in urine which is called toxemia or preeclampsia Rapid weight gain, severe headaches, blurred vision Can lead to convulsions and coma, which is called eclampsia – can be fatal to mother and baby

3.3 Birth

Labor Begins with contractions- tightening and relaxing motions of the muscles of the uterus. They help push baby out. Cervix dilates – Before labor the cervix is the size of a nickel – and it enlarges to 4 inches (10 cm)

First Signs of Labor Show – pink discharge which tells you that the mucous plug, which sealed cervix, has become loose False labor – contractions that do not get stronger

First Signs of Labor cntd. Progressing contractions – longer, stronger, closer together Rupture of amniotic sac – amniotic fluid leaks out of vagina. This tells you that the sac surrounding baby has broken

First Stage of Labor Monitor vital signs with a fetal monitor Lasts 10-12 hours How do the contractions progress?

First Stage of Labor at 1st- every 20—25 minutes and last for 45 seconds Then – every couple minutes and last for 60 to 90 seconds At end of 1st stage, dilated to 3 cm

Begins when the cervix is fully dilated 2nd Stage of labor Begins when the cervix is fully dilated Ends when the baby has been pushed out of the birth canal How long does this stage last? 45 minutes

Lanugo – fine hair covering baby 2nd Stage of labor They say the baby has vernix and lanugo – what is this? Vernix – white, greasy material, which keeps baby’s skin from absorbing all of the amniotic fluid surrounding it Lanugo – fine hair covering baby

3rd stage of Labor This stage takes about 10 minutes. What happens? – placenta is delivered. This takes about 10 minutes

So, What happens when the baby is born? Born head down with face toward moms backbone The baby’s head crowns Body rotates to one side – which helps shoulders emerge

Oh no – The baby won’t come out! Doctors will use forceps – an instrument for reaching into the birth canal and pulling the baby out

What is the baby is breech? What does breech mean? – baby is born with feet and buttocks appearing first What can they do to help the baby? – might use forceps to help deliver

Cesarean Birth Procedure to deliver baby through an opening cut in the mother’s abdominal wall and uterus 25% of all births in the U.S.

Care of the Neonate A neonate is a newborn baby. Baby is given the APGAR

A is for… Appearance or skin color Whole body should be pink If any part of body is blue it loses points

P is for… Pulse or heart rate Normal is 100-140 beats per minute If it is under 100 it loses points

G is for… Grimace or reflex response They prick the baby’s heel It withdraws foot or cries If it doesn’t it loses points

A is for… Activity or muscle tone Should have a strong, active motion

R is for… Respiration or breathing Should breath and cry good

They asked if I want my son to be circumcised? What is this? Procedure in which the foreskin is cut away from the head of the penis Purpose is to help prevent infection