Household Power Measurement System Group 2 Manuel Rodriguez Frank Ladolcetta Amir Shahnami Alex Demos

Project Description Meter that will measure the power consumption of household appliances Send the information wirelessly to an LCD display Display the approximate hourly and monthly power consumption of the appliance being monitored

Project Motivation Keep track of energy usage in order to use less energy and spend less money Prevent surprising power bills at the end of the month Corroborate energy savings of “energy efficient appliances” Make system user friendly Never been done before Line scan is a picture 1 pixel wide by 484 pixels tall, progressive scan is full frame photo, does not limit amount of data collected per exposure, or amount of light entering lens (amount of light is critical in analyzing spectra, more light is better) Low cost, uses commercial off the shelf components Identifies high risk fire hazard areas on earth Military target detection, by analyzing spectra of enemy craft Reduce friendly fire by having soldiers wear a unique identification spectrum that can be analyzed using this instrument

Project Overview Build a circuit to measure the current and voltage used by an appliance Make program to calculate power Program transceivers to communicate with each other Build circuit to display information on LCD Make program to display information

Project Specifications No more than 5% accuracy error Wireless operation using Xbee wireless protocol Wireless transmission should be no less than 30 feet Ability to turn off appliance from head unit Measure current up to 15 A Measure voltage up to 120 V No atmosphere, cosmic radiation Random vibration, average experienced on shuttle liftoff Temperature - +100 in sun, -100 in shadow Due to shuttle velocity Will explain “scene” later

Block Diagram of System Wall Outlet Relay Current Measurement Voltage Measurement Microprocessor Wireless transmission Display Microprocessor

Meter Overview Ryobi Power Meter- printed with permission from Jason Swanson of Ryobi Tools

Requirements Meter circuit should draw very little power Meter circuit design should be safe Achieve accuracy goals

Power measuring methods Voltage measurement using a voltage divider Current measurement using a .2 ohm current sensing resistor Use an Avago technologies HCPL-7520 optoisolator to isolate and amplify the signal Use a relay to turn the appliance on and off

Power Meter diagram Relay Circuit Design Used by permission from Bruce R Land, Cornell University

Voltage measurement Voltage will be measured directly from the house main wiring A voltage divider will bring down the voltage to a level usable by the microprocessor

Current measurement Current sensing resistor will be installed in the neutral side of the outlet wiring A hall effect sensor was considered but it is too expensive A current transformer was considered but it is a less accurate method and more expensive

Component specifications 5% tolerance, 1 watt power rated 1Mohm resistor .2 ohm, 3W rated current measuring resistor 12A, 240V relay Avago Technologies HCPL-7520 linear optoisolator

Limitations Meter cannot measure appliances that run on 240V Current to be measured can’t be more than 15A

LCD DISPLAY

Proposed diagram of device

LCD display requirements One row to list the information to identify what is display on the screen. Three rows of data pertaining to three separate sensor devices. Must have a traversable menu to view up to 1000 different sensors. Must display power consumption data in terms of dollars spent. Simple character display method. LED backlight for nighttime use. Low power consumption. (< 3W typical) Low price. (<$50) Readily available.

LCD Specs & Technical Data NHD-0440WH-ATFH-JT 4 lines x 40 characters 2 - HD44780 equivalent microcontrollers 190mm x 54mm x13.6mm 18 - 2.54mm pins (14 Logic, 3 Supply, 1 NC) Requires a 5.0V Power Supply 11 Built-in instructions 5V, 1.2mA typical for LCD (.006W) 3.5V, 80mA typical for Backlight (.28W) Reprinted with permission of Newhaven Display International

Limitations Our Resolution Include an LED on/off switch to conserve battery power Place device high on wall so all users can view information Put device in a central viewing location Practice our soldering skills Update data values every 60 seconds instead of continuously. No solution, opt for microcontroller with more pins With the LED on, it drains 48 times more energy then when it is off. Viewing angle from above is only 25°. Poor horizontal viewing angle. Small pin size. Relatively slow rise and fall times. Many pin outs

Push Buttons/ Switches Pushbutton Examples We require three tactile (push-to-make) pushbuttons on the front of device. Two of these buttons will be used for movement within the LCD menu. One pushbutton will disconnect supplied power to selected appliance. We also require a Single pole, single throw switch on the side of the device to control the LED backlight Reprinted under creative commons 3.0 license SPST Example Reprinted with access from public domain

User - LCD Interfacing LCD will be connected to pushbuttons via internal microcontroller. With microcontroller’s coding, a cursor will move through the list of devices when up/down buttons are pressed. When the user continues pushing the up/down buttons to view more than the three listed devices, new devices will appear in their place When the user hits then end of the list of transmitting devices, the cursor will stop moving. A user can terminate the supplied power to the cursor selected device by pushing the power button. Pressing a combination of buttons will allow the user to enter a menu in order to set up the date and cost of electric bills.

Instructions Instruction List To operate, the device has 2 separate internal microcontrollers to display to the LCD. A specific instruction must be selected by the main microcontroller and sent to the eight data pins. When the instruction is sent, the device must be enabled on the selected microcontroller (E1 or E2) to have the device complete the instruction. If characters are to be displayed, the RS pin must be set on and the device will output the selected character to the specified location designated by the set address command Reprinted with permission of Newhaven Display International

Coding Coding example (Turning device on) The microcontroller uses C programming language, and the Newhaven Display provides libraries for use with their product. The code will start off with an initialization section for initial power up of device. Then the device will display the data every minute from the MC in a line by line fashion to ensure all sensors are updated. Separate functions will be called for cursor movement, menu setup, and sensor power down. Int main(void) { P1 = 0x0c; W = 0; RS = 0; E1 = 1; //Top half of the display delay(2); E1 = 0; E2 = 1; //2nd half of the display E2 = 0; }

Block Diagram Schematic

Microprocessor Design

Microprocessors One single type of microprocessor for both applications Both applications use ATMega168 with a preloaded bootloader. Programmed with a USB to serial adapter. 6 analog input pins 14 digital input/output pins 1.8 to 5.5 volt operating voltage Programmed with Arduino software v. 0018 using C/C++ Each pin draws up to 0.22W (from 40mA), VCC draws up to 0.275W (from 50mA) Reprinted with permissions from Sparkfun

Programming Main unit programming: Initialize() { double kwhrs; int month, day; } Sets up initial parameters Can be called further down the program to change values put in initially.

Programming Main unit programming: update_lcd() { int out0, out1, out2… int power, scroll_up, scroll_down; } Used to update information printed to the LCD screen. Handles scrolling of information displayed and ability to turn off and on any given device

Programming Sensing unit programming: read_measures() { int voltage_in, current_in, power; } Takes in all values read in by the “sensing” components Manipulates the data to be transmitted as a single value

Programming Sensing unit programming: change_relay() { int relay_status; } Serves to open the relay to cut off all power to any given device

Proposed Main Unit Schematic Receives power through batteries and bucked down to usable voltages. Pull down resistors to prevent button inputs from floating high. Schematic based on Arduino Pro Mini.

Proposed Sensor Schematic Receives power through an AC to 5VDC converter (not shown) Transistor used to flip the relay as it uses more current than the processor can output. Based on the Arduino Pro Mini

Wireless Communication

Wireless Telecommunications There were four types of wireless technology that were taken into consideration. Zigbee: Cheap, Good distance, Hard to learn Bluetooth: High data rate, Great delivery percentage, Hard to learn WiFi: Great delivery percentage, Expensive XBee: Easy to learn, Cheap, Good distance

XBEE Of the many possible options, we chose XBee technology as our means of wireless telecommunications.

XBee Chip XBee OEM RF 802.15.4 The range was good enough for the group having a max range of 100ft (30m) 24.38mm x 27.61mm

XBee Specs The XBee costs $19.00 per unit. 250kbps might seem small for a commercial product but for a simple project, like the power sensors and the central unit, it will be sufficient to work properly. It is an RF transceiver. It runs at 2.4 GHz, which is what all the devices run at that the group has examined. Voltage range from 2.8 to 3.4V. The current: when it is receiving data is 50mA, while it is transmitting information, the current is flowing at 45mA and while it is in power-down mode it runs below 10µA. Its sensitivity is at -92dBm. The chips operating temperature has a range between -40* and +85*C

XBee Adapter $10/kit Connects to microcontroller Cord connects to computer to program the chip

Programming of XBee Using the AT command mode is the how the XBee chip will be programmed. AT commands deal with all things from setting the sleep mode to resetting the chip. The command below is a sample command will display the low 32 bits of the address.

Block Diagram of XBee How data is received from one device and then sent to another device:

Timeline, Budget and Completion Summary

Timeline Our timeline for Senior Design was based on bi-monthly goals. April 30th: Complete Research & Documentation May 31st: Have good understanding of all of our parts June 17th: All parts tested July 1st: Have all parts put together July 15th: All parts tested and working, also giving us two weeks to figure out any problems and preparing ourselves ready for presentation

Approximate Budget Required Acquired Estimated ($) Spent ($) LCD 1 24 35 Arduino 3 100 Relay 5 20 Arduino Programmer 2 40 AC/DC converter 4 15 Current Sensing Resistor 6 9 Optocoupler 30 PIC microprocessor Xbee transceiver 300 120 Xbee Cords Pushbuttons Switch Project Box RLC ? TOTAL 32 $581 $404

Completion Summary

Questions?