* Biological * Psychoanalytic * Social Psychoanalytic (NeoPsychoanalytic) * Trait * Cognitive * Social-Learning * Humanistic

* Theorists use biological processes in an attempt to fill in the gap between personality and genetics by inferring, theorizing and researching biological links with behavior.

Ernst Kretchmer (a physician, in 1925) proposed a correlation of mental disorder with the three body types: obese, muscular, thin.

* Evolutionary theory * Biological processes

* Personality are inherited from parent genes  passing the inherited characteristics

* Biological processes is concerned with how these genes influence behavior through the various chemicals within the brain.

* Uses endocrine system, rather than brain processes, to explain personality.

* Examples of neurotransmitters that can influence personality includes Norepinephrine & serotonin

Temperament: individual differences in (1) reactivity and (2) self-regulation have a long-lasting biological basis.

“conscious becoming aware of the unconscious…”

Psychoanalytic … * Accepts the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind.

* Sigmund Freud * Carl Jung * Alfred Adler

* Basic tenets: * Constant struggles between desire to meet biological urge and realities of living. * Unconscious process influence behavior

* Born in Moravia, on May 6, 1856 * Lived 78 years practicing in Vienna, Austria and established a private practice for the treatment of nervous disorders.

* Human organisms are selfish beings, existing in a state of external and internal turmoil. (displaying aggressive and sexual excesses) * Dominated by forces outside of conscious control.

* Biological determinism vs. Psychological determinism - Freud emphasized psychological rather than biological “consciousness knows nothing of... neurons.”

* What lies beneath the surface of the unconscious mind?? * ID, * EGO, and * SUPEREGO

* What is TRAIT? * Traits serve three major functions: * To summarize, predict, and explain a person’s conduct

* Gordon Allport ( ) * Raymond B. Cattell ( ) * Hans J. Eysenck ( )

 Allport suggested that each individual has a unique set of personality traits/personal dispositions ◦ Three categories of traits:  Cardinal,  Central,  Secondary

* Three sources of data are required to uncover all the major dimensions of personality: * L-data * Q-data * T-data

* Eysenck * extroversion-introversion * neuroticism-stability. * Focus on higher levels of trait organization called types:- * Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits) * Each trait incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits)

1. Extraversion-introversion 2. Agreeableness-antagonism 3. Conscientiousness- undirectedness 4. Neuroticism-stability 5. Openness to experience

* Resulting from a biological basis & neuro-psychological functioning within the environment.

* Interviews * Projection Tests * Situational Tests * Self Reports * Reputational Reports

* Rejected the idea that the adult personality is formed from experiences in the first 5 or 6 years of life * Recognized social and cultural forces that shape individuals * Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the role of social forces in shaping personality.

* Alfred Adler ( ) * Carl Jung ( ) * Erik Homburger Erikson ( ) * Karen Horney ( )

* Reasons he broke from Freud in 1911 * Adler assumed that humans are motivated primarily by social urges

* Reasons he broke from Freud in 1913 * Basic disagreement over the importance of sex drive * Tired of Freud’s concern with pathological side of human nature

* No formal stages of development * During childhood… * And a second puberty… * Individuation * Meyers-Briggs type indicator

* Retained Freud’s model of id, ego and superego with modifications * Described identity as… * Confusion about identity or Identity crisis

* Trust vs. Mistrust * Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt * Initiative vs. guilt * Industry vs. Inferiority * identity vs. Role Confusion * Intimacy vs. Isolation * Generativity vs. Stagnation * Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Reasons she broke from Freud/Psychoanalytic Theory 1941 – Could not accept some of Freud’s views concerning women – Did not agree with Freud’s penis envy – More focused on social world and social motivations than Freudians

* Emphasizes the self * cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside * Emphasizes the importance of the positive and goal-oriented nature of humanity

 Understand behavior by focusing on the external contingencies of reinforcement (any consequence of an action that increases the probability of that action being executed again) and punishment (any consequence of an action that decreases the probability of its repetition)

Pavlov- “ Clasical conditioning Thorndike "Law Of Effect." Skinner "Operant Conditioning“

How can these rules of behavior, derived from the experiments with animals be applied to understanding human personality?

 Skinner - most of human behavior is driven by secondary reinforcers, such as money & social praise, which derive their value from primary reinforcers.

 HOW?  Albert Bandura   self- representations  self-efficacy

Focus on role of modeling on behavior as well as the role of social influences, expectations, and interpretations on behavior.

 Can a person’s self-efficacy be changed?  HOW?

Cognitive theory focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors  personality.

Kelly criticized Psychoanalytic and behaviorism perspectives. * individual differences as a result of how we interpret and predict the events that affect us.

* What we think determines what we do. * Some properties of our thoughts. * Techniques can help people change.

 Ellis interpretation of cognitive model is often described as the A-B-C process.  According to Ellis, we experience:

Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel cognitive factors  determine how people will react to environmental forces.

Mischel Cognitive factors  important in shaping personality. How?????? Also recognize inconsistency of some behaviors

Inconsistency of some behaviors are due to: * Consistency Paradox * Person-Situation Interaction

 Humanistic personality theorists - Abraham Maslow - Carl Rogers - Rollo May

 It encompasses phenomenological and existential approaches to human nature. - Phenomenological- - Existentialism -

 Maslow  "hierarchy of needs,“ - a series of needs that people need to satisfy before they could reach their full potential. - emphasized on particular needs that people need to satisfy before they could become self-actualized.

Self-Actualization Physiological Safety Belongingness Esteem

Influence of psychotherapy: the purpose of psychotherapy was to help patients find their "true selves." emphasizing on: * Unconditional Positive Regard * Conditional Positive Regard

COURAGE TO BE! each person need to take responsibility for his or her own choices even though constantly threatened by failure and, more importantly the possibility of non- being (death or dissolution). personal growth and self-actualization  the result of courageously facing one's anxiety