Statistical clues to social injustice Danny Dorling University of Sheffield Radical Statistics Annual Conference London, February 27 th 2010

Proportions that suffer injustices of different kinds in affluent nations FractionSubjectHow LabelledDescription of group who suffer the injustice%Year A seventhChildrenDelinquentFound limited or simple at learning A sixthPeopleDebarredExcluded from society in at least two ways161999/2001 A fifthAdultsDebtorsAdmit not managing to get by financially (if asked) A quarterHouseholdsDiscardedHave no car where car use has become assumed262006/7 A thirdFamiliesDepressedMember suffers depression or chronic anxiety disorder A halfCitizensDisenfranchisedAdults who did not or could not vote in the latest US presidential elections

Injustices, social evils, political, philosophical and public labels combined 2010 Injustice 1942 Past 1983 Political 2007 Philosophical 2008 Public ElitismIgnorance6. Differences in skills and ability 4. Threats to sense, using imagination, and thought 5. Threats to experiencing and expressing emotions freely 3. A decline in values, lack of tolerance, compassion and respect 4. Problems concerning young people, family breakdown and poor parenting ExclusionWant1. The exploitation of those who work 3. Threats to bodily integrity 9. Threats to play, ability to relax, take Sabbaths and holidays 1. Problems caused by individualism, consumerism, decline in community life 2. Excessive use of drugs and alcohol, both as consequence and causes 5. Inequality and poverty, corrosive evil in an affluent society PrejudiceIdleness (sexism and racism) 3. Unemployment 5. The economic subordination of women 6. Threats to being able to use practical reason (to be able to contribute) 7. Threats to affiliation, to belonging, having mutual respect 7. Violence and crime, child abuse and exploitation 8. Gender inequality, inequalities embedded in current thinking 9. Intolerance resulting from the beliefs of many religions, and similar ideas 10. Problems of attitudes to social diversity and immigration GreedSqualor2. The inheritance of wealth by a minority 10. Threats to having control over one’s environment (to having rights) 8. Threats to other species, lack of concern sure to backfire 6. Problems caused by big business, apathy and a democratic deficit 12. Environmental issues, selfishness and insularity DespairDisease4. Infirmity and the problems of old age 1. Threats to life 2. Threats to bodily health 11. Health problems, especially lack of care for older people

Children by ability in the Netherlands, according to the OECD, 2006 (%)

Distribution of children by ability, according to the OECD, 2006 (%)

School-leaving age (years) and university entry (%), Britain, School leaving age University entry % years

Pearson goodness-of-fit test of Nobel prize by sex and subject, 1901–2008 MedicinePhysicsChemistryLiteraturePeaceEconomicsTotal Observedmen women total Expectedmen women total (O-E)men women total0.0 (O-E)²/Emen women total

Male and female Nobel (and economics) laureates, by subject,

Female Nobel laureates (%), by decade, worldwide,

Proportion of households poor by different measures (%), Britain, 1999

Pearson goodness-of-fit test of Karl Pearson’s pauper data, 1891 Paupers(P)normal(N)binomial(B)data(D)B-D(B-D)²(B-D)²/B * * Total

Geographical distribution of paupers, England and Wales, 1891

Exclusively Wealthy Core Poor Non-poor non-wealthy Asset wealthy Circling from exclusion to inclusion and back again (model)

Distribution of income inequality (US$), worldwide, 2000

Real growth per decade in GDP (%), per person, by continent,

Households’ ability to get by on their income in Britain,

Mortality inequality of decile groups by area Geographical concentration of national Conservative vote by area [c] National income share of best-off 1% Year Excess of worse-off 30% (a) Advantage if best-off 10% (b)pre-tax (d)post-tax (e) %35%19% 17% %30%14%18%16% %30%12%19%17% %28%11%18%16% %25%9%17%15% %26%9%16%14% %31%10%14%13% % 7%13%10% %18%7%12%7% %18%7%12%6% %21%7%9%6% %23%6%9%6% %21%7%9%6% %20%8%9%6% %18%8%7%5% 1974 February 20% 17%8%7%4% 1974 October 20% 17%11%6%4% %19%9%6%4% %21%11%7%5% %22%12%8%6% %25%12%10%8% %29%14%12%10% % 15%13%10% % 16% 13% Inequalities of health, privilege and wealth, in Britain, (%)

Inequalities in survival chances to age 65 by area in Britain,

Concentration of Conservative votes, British general elections,

Share of all income received by the richest 1% in Britain,

England and Wales’s net immigration by birth year,

Households by number of cars, and those with no cars in Britain, 2006/07

Additional debt added annually by sector, US, (US$ billion) Household debt All debt HomeConsumerTotalHouseholdsBusinessState & localFederalFinancial sectors Datemortgagecredit DebtTotal governmentsgovernmentDomesticForeign Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients with annual federal government borrowing

Outstanding consumer debt as a proportion of disposable income, US,

Poverty, car exhaust emissions and pollution inhaled in Britain, by area, 1999

Social security and taxation prosecutions, Australia, counts,

Debt payments as a percentage of disposable income, US,

Study numberPlace Year of birth Age at interviewObs Rates (%) Age<13 Rates aged (%) Original Study, first author and citation BothGirlsBoys 1*Isle of Wight 54–55 14– Rutter (Graham & Rutter, 1973) 2USA 65–74 10– Cohen (Velez, Johnson, & Cohen, 1989) 3USA 65–74 10– Cohen (Velez et al., 1989) 4USA 66–75 15– Kessler(Kessler & Walters, 1998) 5USA 66–75 15– Kessler (Kessler & Walters, 1998) 6Canada 66–79 6– Fleming (Fleming, Offord, & Boyle, 1989) 7Puerto Rico 68–80 4– Bird (Bird et al., 1988) 8*USA 69–74 14– Lewinsohn (Lewinsohn et al., 1993) 9USA 69–74 14– Lewinsohn (Lewinsohn, Rohde, & Seeley, 1998) 10*USA 71– Anderson (Anderson, Williams, McGee, & Silva, 1987) 11NZ 71– Hankin (Hankin et al., 1998) 12USA Kashani (Kashani, Orvaschel, Rosenberg, & Reid, 1989) 13USA Kashani (Kashani et al., 1989) 14USA Kashani (Kashani et al., 1989) 15USA 73–77 7– Costello (Costello et al., 1988b) 16USA 73–77 12– Costello (Costello, Angold, & Keeler, 1999) 17USA 73–81 9– Angold (Angold et al., 2002) 18USA 73–81 9– Angold (Angold et al., 2002) 19USA 74–82 9– Shaffer (Shaffer et al., 1996) 20USA 74–83 8– Simonoff (Simonoff et al., 1997) 21Netherlands 75–80 13– Verhulst (Verhulst, van der Ende, Ferdinand, & Kasius, 1997) 22Canada 75–82 12– Cairney (Cairney, 1998) 23NZ Fergusson (Fergusson, Horwood, & Lynskey, 1993) 24NZ Fergusson (Fergusson & Horwood, 2001) 25Switzerland 78–82 15– Steinhausen (Steinhausen & Winkler Metzke, 2003) 26USA 78–83 12– Kilpatrick (Kilpatrick et al., 2003) 27Switzerland 78–87 7– Steinhausen(Steinhausen & Winkler Metzke, 2003) 28Sweden 79–81 16– Olsson (Olsson & von Knorring, 1999) 29*USA-Anglo 79–82 12– Doi (Doi, Roberts, Takeuchi, & Suzuki, 2001) 30 *USA-African- American 79–82 12– Doi (Doi et al., 2001) 31 *USA-Mexican- American 79–82 12– Doi (Doi et al., 2001) 32*Japan 79–82 12– Doi (Doi et al., 2001) 33Germany 80–83 14–16, 16– Oldehinkel (Oldehinkel, Wittchen, & Schuster, 1999) 34USA 80–84 9– Costello (Costello et al., 1996) 35USA 80–84 9– Costello (Costello et al., 1996) 36Finland 81 8– Almqvist (Almqvist, Kumpulainen et al., 1999) 37Finland 81 8– Almqvist (Almqvist, Kumpulainen et al., 1999) 38Finland 81 8– Almqvist (Almqvist, Puura et al., 1999) 39Finland 81 8– Almqvist (Almqvist, Puura et al., 1999) 40Australia 81–92 6– Sawyer(Sawyer et al., 2001) 41Puerto Rico 82–96 4– Canino (Canino et al., 2004) (and personal communication) 42GB 84–94 5– Ford (Ford, Goodman, & Meltzer, 2003) 43Brazil 86–89 11– Fleitlich-Bilyk(Fleitlich-Bilyk & Goodman, 2004) 44Brazil 90–93 7– Fleitlich-Bilyk (Fleitlich-Bilyk & Goodman, 2004) 45*USA 90–93 11– Van der Stoep (personal communication) Studies of adolescent depression available for meta- analysis, Study numberPlace Year of birth Age at interviewObs Rates (%) Age<13 Original Study, first author and citation BothGirlsBoys

Adolescent girls assessed as depressed (%), North America,

Male/female mortality ratio by age in the rich world, 1850–1999

The fractal nature of geographical divides, North– South/West– East, Britain, 2010

The crash: US mortgage debt, (% change and US$ billion)

The rate of prescribing anti- depressants by the NHS in Scotland,

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