GIFTS / IOMI Overview W. L. Smith (NASA Langley Research Center) UW MURI Workshop – Madison Wisconsin (May 14-15, 2002)

GIFTS 4-d Digital Camera: A revolutionary weather forecasting tool Horizontal: Horizontal: Large area format Focal Plane detector Arrays Vertical: Vertical: Fourier Transform Spectrometer Time: Time: Geostationary Satellite New Technology for Atmospheric Temperature, Moisture, & Winds

Two 128x 128 Infrared focal plane detector arrays with 4 km footprint size One 512 x 512 Visible focal plane detector array with 1 km footprint size Field of Regard 512 km x 512 km at satellite sub-point 11 second full spectral resolution integration time per Field of Regard GIFTS Sampling Characteristics

High Spectral Resolution Sounding Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) Provides Simultaneous Measurement of the Vertical Dimension Michelson Interferometer (FTS)Interferogram Radiance SpectrumVertical Sounding Source Fixed Mirror Moving Mirror Beam Splitter Detector Fourier Transformation Numerical Inversion d1d1 d2 (d 2 -d 1 )

Shortwave IR Focal Plane : (4.4 to 6.1 microns) Water vapor sounding Carbon Monoxide profiling Boundary layer temperature sounding Surface temperature Stratus cloud detection GIFTS IR Measurements Wavenumber(cm -1 ) Wavelength (  m) Wavenumber(cm -1 ) Wavelength (  m) Longwave IR Focal Plane: ( 8.8 to 14.6 microns) Temperature sounding Ozone profiling Cloud altitude Surface temperature “Invisible” cirrus cloud detection

High Resolution (1km) Visible Imagery: – cloud and surface features – land-mark navigation GIFTS Visible Measurements Rapid Full Disk & Regional Views

Roadmap to Next Generation Studies Laboratory Demonstration Future Geo-Sats Aircraft Water Vapor Tracer Wind Demonstration GIFTS-IOMI

NASA Technology Transfer & Measurement Concept Validation Navy Image Product Utility to the Fleet NOAA Next Generation Geo-Satellite Applications Readiness Revolutionary Weather Observations by Next Generation Operational Meteorological Satellite Systems Science & Technology Infusion GIFTS-IOMI Benefits

NASA GIFTS Instrument & Supporting Technologies (~105 M) Navy Spacecraft & Instrument Lifetime Enhancements (~70 M)NOAA US Ground System, Algorithms, Data Processing & Archive (~40 M)Contributions Air Force (STP) Launch Vehicle & Launch Services (~65 M) Australia (BoM) IO Ground System, Data Processing & Archive (~20 M) Revolutionary Weather Observations Validation of Next Generation Geostationary Meteorological Satellite System (~300 M)

GIFTS-IOMI Project Concept Imaging Interferometer Cryogenic Michelson Interferometer Laser Metrology System On-Board Calibration LFPA and Cryogenic Cooling 128 x 128 Infrared Detector Arrays Redundant Cryo-Coolers High Speed Signal Processing Rad-Hard Analog to Digital Converters PowerPC Rad750 Data Compression Rad-Hard Processors Pointing and Control Star Tracker 512 x 512 Visible Detector Array Lightweight Optics SiC Telescope TECHNOLOGY VALIDATION Indian Ocean Ops NASA - Demonstrate Wind Sounding Measurement Concept & Validate the Technologies NOAA - Demonstrate Operational Utility & Infuses Technology into NOAA instruments Navy - Provides Advanced Imaging/Sounding Data Products for Fleet Operations INFUSION

NOAA Product Assessment Plan Wallops JCSDA CIMSS HPC SPC AWC WFO AFO HFO (Archive)

GIFTS-IOMI Mission Summary GIFTS-IOMI Mission Summary E. Pacific, W. Atlantic, Indian Ocean – MC Validation - Impact on prediction of NA Winter Storms. Research data sets during THORpex - Impact on nowcasting and numerical prediction of severe convective storm development and hurricane formation, track, and landfall position forecasts - Impact on support of Navy fleet and other DoD tactical operations - Impact on Australian region mesoscale predictions - Asian Monsoon life cycle research data sets - Impact on global numerical weather prediction - Geostationary satellite support of EOS science missions (i.e., Aqua Train Cloud/Aerosol Radiation Feedback Mission and Aura CHEM mission). Data to Naval Centers/ Fleet Demo Data to Naval Centers/ Fleet Demo CONUS “1” Indian Ocean “3” Naval Shipboard and Shore Assets Naval Shipboard and Shore Assets DOE ARM Validation Site DOE ARM Validation Site CONUS “2” NOAA/NASA Data Centers NOAA/NASA Data Centers Australian Data Center Data Center “1”“2” “3”

GIFTS at IOMI Position (75 E) Horizon Comm limit, 5 degrees above horizon First doubling (Sounding limit) Comm limit, 11 degrees above horizon

GIFTS Fills Important Data Void GIFTS-IOMI (USA) 75º E

Global Sounding-Imagery: 422 Steps Spectral Resolution: 16cm -1 Hi Res. Sounding Regional: 144 Steps Spectral Resolution: 0.6cm -1 Hi Res. Mesoscale Sounding: 36 Steps Spectral Resolution: 0.6 cm -1 “Global” Hi Res. Sounding: 300 Steps Spectral Resolution: 0.6 cm -1 GIFTS Example Modes of Operation Assumes 0.83cm/11sec Michelson mirror scan velocity plus 1sec scene mirror step time 1 Hr 1/2 Hr (Sounding-Imagery < 5 min) 7 min (Sounding-Imagery < 1 min) 10 Min

Meeting Navy METOC Requirements (1) 3 m/s >50 Channels (4-6 Levels)

Meeting Navy METOC Requirements (2) Trace Gas Dust/Aerosol TransportTropospheric

Addressing Operational Navy METOC Priorities A. Reliable IO Imagery B. Active Sensor Program for MBL – (note: GIFTS will provide ocean skin temperature and MBL T &q) C. High Refresh Imagery D. Multi-Spectral Hyper-Spectral Imagery – (note: IR sfc emissivity spectrum can be used to characterize surface conditions) E. Tropospheric T, q, and V Sounder

Back-Up Experimental Validation of Measurement Capabilities

“GIFTS” Capabilities - Aircraft Validation “GIFTS” Capabilities - Aircraft Validation ER-2 Proteus NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed- Interferometer ( NAST-I ) Spectral Range: Microns Spectral Resolution: >2000 (0.25cm -1 )

NAST-I spectral coverage encompasses that of GIFTS CrIS CO 2 O3O3 H2OH2O N 2 O CO 2 CO N 2 O CH 4 H2OH2O GIFTS-SWGIFTS-LW H2OH2O CO 2 O3O3 N2ON2O CH 4 CO N2ON2O CO 2 H2OH2O H2OH2O GIFTS NAST-I Spectral Coverage Comparison

Radiosonde Validation Altitude (km) Relative Humidity (%) Distance (75 km) 3km Andros Is. Bahamas, Sept 12, 1998 NAST Raob

ARM CART-Site Sounding Validation C D A B Space & Time Variability Spatial (~22km) & Temporal (~2-3hr) Temperature Variation Over Purcell Sfc Temp (21Z) Sfc Temp (19Z) P P

VERTICAL PROFILE COMPARISONS NOV 30 DEC 05

Proteus NAST-I Vertical Cross-section (CLAMS 7/12/01) This flight demonstrates the ability to observe the spatial moisture structure below a scattered and semi-transparent Cirrus cloud cover UTC

Effects of Opaque Cloud on Retrieval 11µm  ( ) Flight Track Cloud  ( ) Spectral Minimization  ( ) = (I c -I m ) /

Vertical Cross-section (July 26, 2001) CLOUDS Clouds IR Window Image Along Track If Clouds Are Included in EOF Regression Training then Cloud Effects On Clear Air Sounding Above the Clouds are Alleviated

Proteus Flight Track (July 10, 2001) Surface Temperature Horizontal Resolution and Precision Characteristics of NAST-I

Proteus NAST-I Vertical Cross-section Proteus NAST-I Vertical Cross-section (CLAMS 7/10/01) IR Window Image Along Track

Surface Skin Temperature (July 14, 2001) º K (  = 0.54º K)  NAST-I retrieved (within  0.1  Lat. and Lon.) º K  NOAA buoy site CHLV2 measured bulk SST The cool “skin”, observed by NAST-I, relative to the sub-surface water, observed by the buoy, is expected as a result of evaporative cooling. Chesapeake Lighthouse Surface Skin Temperature °K°K

EOF Surface Emissivity Retrieval* (July 14, 2001) Seawater Emissivity Retrieved Lab 11 µm 8.6 µm *Based on 5 EOF Representation of Salsbury Laboratory Measurement Emissivity Data Set

NAST-I track Dust dust causes a negative T b slope across “Window” region Clear Slope via Brightness Temperature (at 890 cm -1 ) (about 2000 NAST-I spectra) Dust 10  m12  m TbTb Slope Brightness Temperature Wavelength Sokolik,2001) Asian Dust Event on 3/12/2001 (Sokolik,2001) Can GIFTS Observe the Optical Depth of Dust Plumes ?

Summary The NAST provides high spatial resolution radiance measurements which can be used to validate the radiometric accuracy and retrieval products of GIFTS High spatial resolution features of atmospheric temperature, moisture, and clouds will be retrieved from high spectral resolution GIFTS radiances GIFTS will be able to profile above an opaque overcast cloud cover and above and below thin and/or broken clouds Surface skin temperature and emissivity can be retrieved simultaneously from the GIFTS spectral radiance measurements and this is important for the retrieval of accurate lower tropospheric moisture, trace gas, and aerosol profiles