Pueblo & Plains Cultures Main Idea: Native American people of Pueblo and Plains Cultures developed different ways of life based on their environment and needs.

Essential Questions How does the environment affect the development of a society? How did the American Indians adapt to and modify their environment?

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Pueblo Culture Jumano-lived in permanent houses made of adobe along the Rio Grande. They were able to grow corn and other crops because they settled near the river. They also hunted buffalo and gathered wild plants for food. The Jumano lived in large villages. They had striped tattoos on their faces, which clearly identified them as peaceful traders. Pueblo houses near the Rio Grande

The Jumanos and Tiguas The Tiguas were a Puebloan people who moved to Ysleta, near present-day El Paso, in 1680. Texas recently recognized the Tigua descendants as Texas Native Americans and established a reservation for them in West Texas.

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Plains Culture The Great Plains stretch from Canada into southern Texas. When the Spanish arrived in the 1500s, they brought back the horse. Many Plains Indians became excellent horsemen. Most lived in tepees. Most tepees were made of 18 buffalo hides, and 20-30 poles.

The Plains Cultures The Spaniards reintroduced horses to the Americas around A.D. 1500, changing the way of life on the plains. From the 1600s to 1800s, the plains cultures used horses to hunt and kill millions of buffalo, one of their main sources of food.

Buffalo-some weighed up to 1,600 pounds and were 6 feet tall at the shoulder and 10 feet long. Indians used a variety of techniques to hunt buffalo.

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The Tonkawa Tonkawa children Lived on the north and central plains and edge of the Edwards Plateau near present-day Austin. They depended on the buffalo for food, clothing and shelter. They were considered hunters-gatherers. The Tonkawa were driven from their hunting grounds by the Apache and forced to hunt smaller animals. Tonkawa children

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The Apache jump on it! Two Apache groups settled in Texas - the Lipan and Mescalero. The Mescalaro made their home in the West Texas mountains and Lipans in the Hill Country. Apaches were organized into bands that traveled, hunted and fought together. The Apaches were skilled horsemen and often teamed up when hunting buffalo. Lipan Apaches were also farmers who lived in communities along rivers and streams called rancherias. FINISH THIS SLIDE AND THE NEXT 9

The Comanches took control of the Apache’s territory so they were mortal enemies. Apache chief Apache girl about 12 years old

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Comanche The Comanche moved into the Great Plains once they acquired horses. The Comanche lived in bands headed by a peace chief. If you were the best fighter and rider you were the war chief. The Comanche were skilled buffalo hunters. Because of the their skills they soon controlled much of the plains including west and northern Texas. Their territory, Comancheria, covered parts of Mexico, Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico Quanah Parker-last Comanche chief. Mother was Cynthia Ann Parker.

The Comanches Comanches life centered on two activities—hunting and war. They used every part of the buffalo, and lived in tepees made of hides. They fought fiercely to defend their territory, when Apaches, Wichitas, Tonkawas, and white settlers threatened from all sides.

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Kiowa The Kiowa were the last plains group to arrive in Texas. They hunted buffalo, made beautiful crafts, and developed a calendar. The Kiowa and the Comanche were allies…both tribes were the most feared!

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OPTIC It would usually take several arrows to bring down one buffalo because of their large size.