Resistance and Collaboration Primary Resistance- Initially slowed down effective occupation. Passive resistance- Non cooperation Active Resistance –take up arms. Conquest was gradual. Africans were not docile they took up arms to defend their values, culture and sovereignty.

Primary Resistance Took Place in all the regions. East Africa- Nandi resistance- Kenya. Kabarega of Bunyoro-Uganda, West Africa- Lat Diop Senegal, Samouri Toure of the Mandinka, Dahomey- Amazons resists the French invasion for along time. Jaja resists the British so were the Asante. South Africa –The Ndebele Rebellion. Horn of Africa Menelik Defeats Italians in the battle of Adowa.

Collaborators There were groups that collaborated with the invading European forces e.g., East Africa-Maasai and Wanga of Kenya. Buganda Vs Bunyoro in Uganda West Africa- Fante Vs Asante, Fulani Sokoto Caliphate and Nana of Itsekiri in Nigeria. South Africa- Lewanika. Collaborators had stake in it such as to settle old time scores or other gains such as sustaining their rule e.g. Buganda

Case studies –Jaja of Opobo Was an ex-slave, earned his freedom, successful trader –wealthy. Established his Kingdom on the Opobo River near the Niger Delta. Wanted to maintain his middleman position in palm oil trade with European traders who wanted to get rid of him. Jaja was a shrewd businessman - employed the services of African America woman –Emma Jaja Johnson as his secretary, adviser, nanny and later married her. His shrewdness in trade made him fix prices at which the European merchants could buy goods from him and refused to be dictated upon

Jaja of Opobo He was friendly to the European traders –often made feasts for them. Was hospitable and intelligent. Tension emerged due to control of the Palm oil trade in his region, between him and the Miller Brothers of Glasgow, and the Five Liverpool firms. The two companies wanted to get rid of Jaja as a middleman and get the palm oil directly from the source. Jaja responded by blocking the Cross river and erecting barriers by digging canals that could allow only small boats. He threatened the Igbos not to trade with the Europeans.

Conflict. Jaja had about 4,000 rifles and many warriors who patrolled the river mouths of Opobo and cross rivers, hence blocked the way for European traders forcing them to trade with him. British traders saw him as a stabling block that needs to be removed. Hence had to call on their home government to intervene. Feared Jaja strength hence was tricked to go to Accra where he was seized and deported to St. Vincent for 5 years but released after 4 due to poor health and died on his way back home.

Samori Toure of the Mandinka. Built his Mandika empire by 1875,was a strong ruler and had an army of about 30,000 men both infantry and cavalry. Converted to Islam as a youth and used Islam to unify the Mandika people so during partition they were united. Bought riles from Sierra Leone and had is own factory where he manufactured and repaired guns.

Samori Toure Fought the British in 1887 and both parties sued for peace each with different intensions. Fought again in 1891 and Samori used Scorched –earth Policy to avoid the French artillery and machine guns. This method slowed the French advancement, He adopted surprise attack and withdrawal. Crops animals and Villages were destroyed. Forced French to stop invasion in Fighting started again he had to conquer other people to get land so he divided his army into 3 divisions the Front,the rear and the middle. Tried to collaborate with the British but they turned him down, tried to forge an alliance with other African rulers they too turned him down too scared of the French so Samori had to fight alone

Samori Scored several Victories against the French but as he retreated to barren lands famine greatly weakened his soldiers and he gave up fighting in He was exiled to Gabon where he died in 1900.Samori resisted the French for over 10 years again here it was the Maxim guns that won the day.

The Ndebele Rebellion Ndebele had fled from Shaka and his wars in South Africa in 1820s and moved to the Limpopo river in modern Zimbabwe. Their king was known as Lobengula on the eve of Scramble The British were interested in gold and feared other powers such as Portuguese and the Germans They also feared the Boers So Rev Moffat convinced Lobengula to sign a treaty of trade and not to engage with other countries

He was cheated by a missionary Rev. John Moffat and Rev. Helm who interpreted the treaty wrongly that Lobengula that he had signed off his land. This was the so called Rudd Concession of 1888 that gave Cecil Rhodes permission to minerals in his land. The treaty was in two parts written and verbal. Verbal favored Lobengula while written favored the BSA Europeans started to move to Matabeleland in 1890 to establish their homes.

Activities of rival miners and educated Africans alerted Lobengula who realized that there were two treaties and Rev Helm had cheated him He summoned the Indunas (council) The pro- British induna who advised him was killed together with the family Wrote to Britain to denounce the treaty Sent a delegation to meet the queen in 1889 but to no avail. There was no repudiation of the treaty so he resorted to fight

Ndebelle Rebellion Having realized that they had been swindled of land and they are pastoralists, they also resented British taking their Land & cattle so they took up arms and fought in 1893 and 1896 in both wars they were defeated due to maxim guns. 100 British troops were killed and hundreds of the Ndebele warriors Ndebele were driven out of their land Rhodes negotiated for peace as Ndebele were still fighting since people were dying on both sides so the rebellion ended in 1896.

Primary resistance, In these armed conflicts Africans were defeated due to the following: Superior Weapons. Divide and rule policy. Use of African auxiliaries. Enticing collaborators by promising them loot such as land and cattle e.g. Buganda that was given Bunyoro lands