Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5 Cell Structure and Function

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Cell Theory All Living Things Are Composed of One or More Cells The Cell is the Simplest Form of Life All Cells Arise from Other Cells

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. All Cells Share Certain Common Features –Common Features of All Cells (T5.1 p. 76) The Plasma Membrane Encloses the Cell and Mediates Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment All Cells Use DNA as a Hereditary Blueprint and Contain Cytoplasm All Cells Obtain Energy and Nutrients from Their Environment

5 micrometers 10 micrometers 50 micrometers cilia 0.5 micrometers mitochondrion mitochondria cilia nucleus contractile vacuole Paramecium Light microscopeTransmission electron microscope Scanning electron microscope

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Two Basic Kinds of Cells Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic –Cell Structures, Their Functions, and Their Distribution in Living Cells (T5.2 p. 81) –A generalized prokaryotic cell (F5.2 p. 80) –A generalized plant cell (F 5.4 p. 82) –A generalized animal cell (F5.3 p. 83)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Diagnostice Features of Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Are Small and Possess Specialized Surface Features Prokaryotic Cells Have Fewer Specialized Structures Within Their Cytoplasm

chromosome (nucleoid region) pili ribosomes food granule prokaryotic flagellum capsule or slime layer cell wall plasma membrane cytoplasm plasmid (DNA)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Diagnostic Features of Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Contain Membrane Bound Organelles Plant Cells –Chloroplasts & Plastids Animal Cells –Centrioles, Cilia & Flagella

mitochondrion vesicle cytoplasm flagellum lysosome centriole Golgi complex vesicle nuclear pore nuclear envelope chromatin (DNA) nucleolus nucleus ribosome free ribosome microtubules rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane intermediate filaments

central vacuole plastid mitochondrion vesicle plasmodesma cell wall plasma membrane intermediate filaments free ribosome ribosomes nucleus nucleolus nuclear pore chromatin nuclear envelope Golgi complex chloroplast Microtubules (part of cytoskeleton) smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum

Central vacuole plastid mitochondrion plasmodesma Golgi complex chloroplast microtubules (part of cytoskeleton) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

vesicle cell wall plasma membrane intermediate filaments free ribosome ribosomes nucleus nucleolus nuclear pore chromatin nuclear envelope rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus nuclear pores nuclear envelope nuclear pores nucleolus chromatin

nuclear envelope nuclear pores nucleolus chromatin

nucleus nuclear pores

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? – The Nuclear Envelope Allows Selective Exchange of Materials – Chromatin Contains DNA, Which Codes for the Synthesis of Proteins Figure 5.6 Chromosomes (p. 84)

chromatin chromosome

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? – The Nucleolus Is the Site of Ribosome Assembly Figure 5.7 Ribosomes (p. 85) Figure 5.8 Endoplasmic reticulum (p. 85)

0.05 micrometers mRNA ribosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes vesicles 0.5 micrometer

ribosomes vesicles

rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes 0.5 micrometer

smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles 0.5 micrometer

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? Eukaryotic Cells Contain a Complex System of Membranes – The Plasma Membrane Both Isolates the Cell and Allows Selective Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment – The Endoplasmic Reticulum Forms Membrane-Enclosed Channels Within the Cytoplasm – The Golgi Complex Sorts, Chemically Alters, and Packages Important Molecules Figure 5.9 The Golgi complex (p. 86)

Golgi complex vesicles from ER vesicles leaving Golgi complex

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? – The Travels of a Secreted Protein – Lysosomes Serve as the Cell’s Digestive System Figure 5.10 The flow of membrane within the cell (p. 87)

smooth endoplasmic reticulum nuclear envelope Golgi complex exocytosis plasma membrane phagocytosis lysosome fused with food vacuole food vacuole rough endoplasmic reticulum

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? – Membrane Synthesized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Flows Through the Membrane System of the Cell Vacuoles Serve Many Functions, Including Water Regulation, Support, and Storage – Freshwater Microorganisms Have Contractile Vacuoles Figure 5.11 Contractile vacuoles (p. 88)

contractile vacuole central reservoir pore collecting ducts

contractile vacuole

central reservoir pore collecting ducts

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? – Plant Cells Have Central Vacuoles Figure 5.12 The central vacuole and turgor pressure in plant cells (p. 89)

cytoplasm central vacuole cell wall plasma membrane

cytoplasm central vacuole

cell wall plasma membrane

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? Mitochondria Extract Energy from Food Molecules, and Chloroplasts Capture Solar Energy – Mitochondria Use Energy Stored in Food Molecules to Produce ATP Figure 5.13 A mitochondrion (p. 90)

outer membrane inner membrane intermembrane compartment matrix cristae 0.2 micrometer

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? – Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis Figure 5.14 A chloroplast (p. 91)

outer membrane inner membrane stroma thylakoid channel interconnecting thylakoids granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 micrometer

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? Plants Use Plastids for Storage –Figure 5.15 A plastid (p. 92)

starch globules plastid 0.5 micrometer

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? The Cytoskeleton Provides Shape, Support, and Movement –Figure 5.16 The cytoskeleton (p. 92)

microfilaments mitochondrion ribosomes microtubule vesicle microtubules (red) nucleus microfilaments (blue) plasma membrane intermediate filaments endoplasmic reticulum

microfilaments mitochondrion ribosomes microtubule vesicle plasma membrane intermediate filaments endoplasmic reticulum

microtubules (red) nucleus microfilaments (blue)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells? Cilia and Flagella Move the Cell Through Fluid or Move Fluid Past the Cell –Figure 5.17 Cilia and flagella (p. 93) –Figure 5.18 How cilia and flagella move (p. 94)

Paramecium 0.1 micrometer cilium plasma membrane basal body x-section of cilium (9+2 arrangement) x-section of basal body (9+0 arrangement) central unfused pair of microtubules fused pair of microtubules Protein "arms" 0.1 micrometer

return stroke cilia lining trachea flagellum of human sperm Cilium continuous propulsion plasma membrane direction of locomotion power stroke Flagellum propulsion of fluid Propulsion of fluid

return stroke cilia lining trachea Cilium plasma membrane power stroke propulsion of fluid

return stroke Cilium plasma membrane power stroke propulsion of fluid

cilia lining trachea Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

flagellum of human sperm continuous propulsion direction of locomotion Flagellum propulsion of fluid

continuous propulsion direction of locomotion Flagellum propulsion of fluid

flagellum of human sperm Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.