MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION

Invasion  Appeared suddenly in 1223, attacked in south then disappeared  Reappeared in 1237, attacking Riazan from north  Sacked Kiev in 1240  : Under Batu Khan, ravaged all Russian lands

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Who were the Mongols?  Mostly Tatars from Central Asia  Consolidate empire & expanded under Chingis Khan  Sacked Kiev in 1240  : Under Batu Khan, ravaged all Russian lands

Batu Khan on Kievan Throne Batu Khan – AKA Tsar Batu – grandson of Ghengis Khan -Ruler of the Golden Horde (Western Asia & European branches of the Mongol Empire) He was given an army of 135,000 and told to forge a Mongol Empire in the West. -In 1237 Batu Khan made it to Vladimir (city) and demanded the allegiance of then Grand Prince Yuri II. He refused. -Batu Khan totally annihilated Ryazan, Vladimir, Kolomna and Moscow. -Batu Khan burned all of the villages down – killed the Royal Family by burning the city around them.

Yuri II escaped to muster an army – his army was crushed by the Mongols on the Sit River. After the death of the entire Royal Family and the Grand Prince, Batu Khan divided his army into 7 smaller units and ordered them to destroy Rus. What happened next was a lot of ‘sacking’ as depicted by artwork from the era.

Sacking Rayzan – Not a single male was left breathing.

Sacking of Kiev – Bow or die – Majority of population is subjugated to the Mongol Empire.

Sacking of Kozelsk – Burnt to the ground

Sacking of Suzdal – Burnt to the ground

Sacking of Vladimir – Completely destroyed

In total, Batu Khan’s army completely destroyed and/or subjugated 14 Kievan Cities in a six month span: Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslav, Kostroma, Kashin, Ksnyatin, Gorodets, Halych, Pereslav, Yuriev, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Tver and Torzhok Only three major Kievan Cities avoided being destroyed: Smolensk, Novgorod and Pskov.

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Russia under Mongol Rule  Mongol overlordship  Russian princes invested by Khan, paid tribute  Appanage period  Individual territorial rule  Rise to prominence of:  Galicia & Volynia (southeast)  Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir (northeast)  Novgorod (north)

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Russia under Mongol Rule  Population shift  moved west & northeast  linguistic/ethnic differentiation Russian Ukrainian Belorussian

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Russia under Mongol Rule  Internal division & weakness  External aggression & conquest  west & southwest fell to Lithuanians, then Poles  north subject to German (Teutonic), Swedish, Norwegian, Lithuanian attacks  Relative isolation & loss of international importance

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Social Structure  Continuity & change  Princes  Clergy & Boyars: now with votchina  Freeservants (liudi)  Traders, merchants, artisans  Peasants  Slaves (kholopy)

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Culture  Mongols interfered little with Russian life  But many consider it dark period  education/literacy declined  decline of towns meant urban culture deteriorated  poverty & political disunity  Some advancements & achievements occurred despite difficulties

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Culture  Literature  Written works diminished  Oral tradition continued, but not on same level as Kievan

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Culture  Art  Icon painting flourished & developed Andrei Rublev The Trinity - Rublev Archangel Michael - Rublev The Redeemer - Rublev

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Culture  Art  Icon painting flourished & developed Andrei Rublev Theophanes (late 14 th – early 15 th c.) The Dormition - Theophanes Our Lady of the Don - Theophanes

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Culture  Art  Icon painting flourished & developed Andrei Rublev (c ) Theophanes (late 14 th – early 15 th c.) Dionysius (c ) John the Baptist - Dionysius The Crucifixion - Dionysius

MONGOL INVASION & DOMINATION Culture  Architecture  Considered one of glories of period  Most structures made of wood