Human Environment and Interaction St Lawrence Seaway - North America’s most important deep water ship route; joint project between USA and Canada. A system of locks, canals, and channels that allow large ship to travel from central North America, through the Great Lakes, and out to the Atlantic Ocean.

Human Environment and Interaction The diagram below shows the sequence ships would travel from west to east. Notice the depth of the lakes, and the elevation change from Lake Erie to Montreal. Without the locks boats would not have been able to travel over this area because of waterfalls.

Railroads Trains were instrumental in settling the western part of the United States of America. To encourage development of rail lines westward, the government offered railroad companies massive land grants and bonds. Railroads received millions of acres of public lands and sold that land to generate money for the construction of the railroads. The federal government gave 134 million acres of land as incentives to the railroads.

Human Environment and Interaction Hoover Dam

Human Environment and Interaction

Hoover Dam Why was it built To help control flooding To provide water for irrigation To produce hydroelectric power

Location What is the absolute location of North America? What is the relative location of North America?

Population and Migration Beringia-Land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska

Population and Migration Columbian Exchange - The exchange of plants, animals, disease, and people (slaves) between the old and new worlds.

Population and Migration Melting Pot (USA) vs Mosaic (Canada) Melting pot is much closer to assimilation Mosaic is much closer to multiculturalism Plano, TX –no “towns” Plano Los Angeles- Chinatown, Korea town, Little Italy, Los Angeles-

Population Geography of Canada About 90% of Canada’s population lives within 100 miles of the US-Canadian border. One-third of Canada’s population lives in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Population Geography of USA East Coast -first settled, then West Coast, Middle America.

Place What is it like when you get here?

Culture/Government Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a federal state with a democratic parliament. USA-Constitution-based federal republic; strong democratic tradition

Culture-People Metis- People of French and Native heritage. Immigrant-someone who comes to a new country. (Push or Pull) Railways (Pull) Refugee- someone forced to flee their country due to war, persecution or violence. (Push)

Culture Religion Canada- Catholics 44% Protestants 30% USA- Protestants – 60% Catholics – 26%

Culture Language Canada - 2 official languages French and English USA - O official languages. The federal government has never mandated an official language English spoken by 80% of America Spanish spoken by 30% of America

Regions How are areas the same.

Regions of Canada Maritime Atlantic Provinces- Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edwards Island, and Newfoundland. Core – Quebec and Ontario (Includes French Canada Prairie Provinces – Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta Western Province- British Columbia Northern Frontier- Nunavut, Northwest Territory, Yukon ©2010, TESCCC

Atlantic Canada - Easternmost provinces of Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island Cod fishing - mainstay of region’s economy The Grand Banks – Shallow waters in the Atlantic, rich source of fish. Maritime or Atlantic Provinces

Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec Two-thirds of Canada's population lives in this region. Settled along the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes Ontario - strongly British Quebec - 80% of the population of French origin.

Prairie region - Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Wheat, petroleum, and coal Newly discovered “shale oil” reserves may be larger than the Middle East. Major urban centers include Edmonton, Calgary, and Winnipeg. Prairie Provinces

Western Provinces Western Frontier - centered in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the mouth of the Fraser River. More than one-half of the province's population lives in the Vancouver area, which is the region's main industrial, administrative, financial, and cultural center. Vancouver is home to the second largest Chinatown in North America. Shares many of the same characteristics at the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. ©2010, TESCCC

Northern Frontier: Territories Canadian North – sparsely populated –Nickel, copper, and uranium are the major resource metals mined and exported from the area. –Forestry, pulp manufacture, and hydroelectricity - additional economic resources Nunavut is the newest political unit. (1999) ©2010, TESCCC

Major Regions of the United States ●Northeast ●Midwest/Rust Belt ●South ●Great Plains ●Western Interior ●Pacific West ●Alaska and Hawaii

Northeast Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia Historical Geography longest history of European settlement, gateway to immigrants. financial and manufacturing hub early in the industrial revolution. Economic Geography Rural areas are agricultural – primary sector Urban areas are major world economic centers – tertiary, quaternary sectors Cultural Geography Very diverse, large population – many ethnic groups and languages Usually votes Democrat

Midwest “Why is it called the Rust Belt?” Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa Historical Geography Once the “Western Frontier”, hence the name. Breadbasket of the U.S., as this is an agricultural region. Also known as a manufacturing, blue-collar hub of the U.S. Economic Geography Formerly mining and manufacturing center – primary and secondary sector Decline in recent past, hurt area economy, jobs moved away Cultural Geography Large cities, declining population - Urban Gentrification in some places. “White Flight” in 1960’s-80’s. Mainly blue collar, rural areas mainly white

South North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Virginia, W. Virginia, Kentucky, and Louisiana Historical Geography settled as an agricultural region, with slavery and cash crops Anglo Protestant plantation farmers were dominant group. Significant in US Civil War ( ) and Civil Rights Movement (1960’s) Economic Geography Agriculture, new heavy industry, tourism Moving from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sectors Cultural Geography Large African-American population Strongly Christian, usually votes Republican Culture still has connection to Civil War

Great Plains Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Historical Geography Staging point of war between the native people and the American settlers, especially after the 1862 “Homestead Act”. Was also used for cattle grazing and cattle drives, cities founded as railroad hubs for cattle. Economic Geography Agriculture – farming and cattle, Primary sector Region makes enough food to feed whole world Cultural Geography People are mainly Anglo, Protestant Mainly rural – lots of small towns, fewer cities

Western Interior States New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Texas Historical Geography Mining towns, Outlaws (Wild West) Cattle/Sheep Grazing, Reservation Lands Las Vegas and Reno- Gambling towns Cultural Geography Low population density Large Hispanic population, as well as Native Americans

Pacific West States California, Oregon, Washington Historical Geography Population grew during the 1840’s “Gold Rush”. Grew again when irrigation and canals brought water to dry areas for farming. Economic Geography Mostly mining and ranching, primary sectors; tourism, tertiary sectors. High-tech centers in San Francisco, Seattle areas – quaternary sector Entertainment and media in Southern California Cultural Geography Presently, about one-seventh of the United States population lives in southern California. Rapidly increasing urban population, due to high birth rate and immigration Large Hispanic population

Alaska and Hawaii Alaska and Hawaii, Pacific Ocean Historical Geography Alaska was purchased from Russian Empire in 1867, for $7.2 million, became a territory in 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. in Hawaii was independent republic from 1894 until 1898, then annexed by USA. Attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7, Became a state in Economic Geography Tourism and fishing, agriculture in Hawaii Oil, mining, and forestry important in Alaska Cultural Geography Large populations of Hawaiians, Native Americans, and Asians

THIS ONLY WORKS IF YOU WORK Your teacher can only keep a loose grip on the classroom if he can trust you to work on your own initiative. Every time you goof off, you make it more difficult for him to do that. Look around. See someone goofing around? They risk your freedoms. Do something about it before he has to. Also, Murica.