Habit Make a list of families in which all members are herbaceous. Make a list of families in which all members are woody. Which families contain members that are succulent?

Root and stem diversity Describe different types of roots and stems we have observed this semester. List the families where these can be found. Give examples of economically important roots and stems.

Leaf diversity (1 of 2) Make sure you can find the node, petiole, and stipules (if present) associated with a leaf. What terms are used to describe variation in the shape, apices, bases, and margins of the lamina and in attachment of the lamina to the shoot? Make sure you can identify parallel vs. reticulate venation as well as pinnate and palmate venation. Where could you find examples of these?

Leaf diversity (2 of 2) Make sure you know the terms to describe the arrangement of leaves on the shoot (opposite, alternate, etc.). Make a list of families with opposite leaves. Describe all of the complexity and modifications in leaves that you can recall, and where these were found in the plant kingdom. Examples: compound leaves, tendrils, spines, pseudobulbs, sheathing stipules, plicate leaves.

Indumentum Describe the diversity we observed in hairs and the families where these features can be found. Examples: stellate indumentum, hygroscopic hairs.

Inflorescences Make sure you can identify and describe or draw all the major inflorescence types: solitary terminal and solitary axillary, spike, raceme, panicle, simple and compound umbels, head, dichasial and scorpioid cymes. Also special terminology associated with inflorescences such as spathe and spadix. Where could you find examples of all of these?

Perianth Make lists of families with many perianth parts, tri-merous, four-merous, and five-merous perianths. Are there any families that lack a perianth? What are tepals? Where would you find an example of tepals? What is a hypanthium and which subclass (-es) includes families with hypanthia? Make a list of families with sympetalous corollas. Make a list of families with zygomorphic flowers.

Androecium Which family (-ies) has/have stamens opposite the petals? Which family (-ies) has/have epipetalous stamens? Draw examples of mono-, and diadelphous stamens. Where can you find these? Draw tetradynamous stamens. Where can you find these? What are and where can you find connivent anthers? Where can you find anthers that dehisce by pores? What are and where can you find pollinia? What is protandry?

Gynoecium (1 of 2) Make sure you can distinguish between pistil, ovary, carpel, locule, ovule. Make a list of families that consistently have one carpel. Make lists for two, three, five, or many carpels. Make a list of families with syncarpous gynoecia. What is a stylopodium and where would you find one? Where would you find a forked style?

Gynoecium (2 of 2) Make a list of families with inferior ovaries. Make sure you can draw all the different types of placentation (in cross section) and name the families where the different types are found. Where and what is the angiosperm megagametophyte?

Fruits Which families did NOT have fruits? Why not?! Make sure you can ID all the different fruit types covered (including special terminology such as accessory, aggregate, and multiple fruits). You should be able to infer whether the ovary was superior vs. inferior, apocarpous vs. syncarpous, etc. from observing fruits. Which fruit types are characteristic for a particular family?

Subclasses Each lab (with the exception of the last) was organized to represent the various subclasses of angiosperms. Make a list of the families covered in each of the subclasses, and then list the characters that tie them together (see W & K for guidance).

Taxonomists Beware! This is a quick list of family pairs that we think are easily confused with each other. Perhaps you can think of others. Make a chart comparing the distinguishing features of these family pairs. Cycadaceae and Arecaceae Piperaceae and Araceae Scrophulariaceae and Lamiaceae Cyperaceae and Poaceae Cupressaceae and Pinaceae Iridaceae and Liliaceae

Quick Non-Angiosperm Review (ferns and gymnosperms) (1 of 2) Know the reproductive parts and where they are located on the plant. Be able to identify a leptosporangium and eusporangium. Using appropriate terminology, describe the different types of sori. Where would you find examples of these? Make sure can identify and know the difference between a true indusium and false indusium.

Quick Non-Angiosperm Review (ferns and gymnosperms) (2 of 2) Be able to identify and use appropriate terminology to describe the various leaf types, and shoot types (e.g. long vs. short). What are the differences between a cycad “cone” and a pine cone? Are they bisexual or unisexual? Are they monoecious or dioecious? Why do gymnosperms have “naked seeds”? Which angiosperm organ is missing?

Economics (1 of 2) Where appropriate, list the economically important products derived for a particular family. Where appropriate, list the important cultivated members for a particular family.

Economics (2 of 2) Try to write some questions of your own such as: “Which family (-ies) is/are an important tourist attraction in Ithaca during autumn?” “Which family (-ies) would you use to build shelter if you lived in the tropics? Does this differ from North America?” “Which families have humans developed important medicines from (these are usually the very poisonous families as well!)?”