Today’s Objectives Review identifying main ideas in a paragraph. Review vocabulary: imply – infer Academic activity: implied main idea Develop strategies that will aid in determining the implied main idea of the paragraph. Practice identifying the implied main idea in a paragraph as a whole class. Practice writing the implied main idea in groups. Independent: go to the website and do the activity.

Paragraphs have a Main Idea Topic Sentences state the Main Idea TOPIC SENTENCE: 2 parts Topic + Controlling idea History of baseball Famous players Played in Japan Baseball Baseball is a healthy activity for children.

Topic? Controlling idea?

Their Implied Ideas Your Inferred Meaning What does this cartoon imply about the newly married couple whose car has broken down? See page 97 in textbook. The next slide answers the question. What did you infer about the couple’s marriage?

Her Implied Idea His Inferred Meaning What does this woman imply about the status of their relationship? What does she need to come right out and say? See page 97 in textbook. The next slide answers the question. What does this man fail to infer from what the woman says?

Chapter 8 - Reading for Results Vocabulary Imply and infer are opposites, like a throw and a catch. To imply is to hint at something, but to infer is to make an educated guess. The speaker/writer does the implying, and the listener/reader does the inferring. 12th Ed, 2014

Inferences in Daily Life Chapter 8 - Reading for Results Inferences in Daily Life If someone makes a joke, we often supply the background information for the punch line: “My grandfather drove a bus for 40 years. I want to die just like him -- peacefully in my sleep -- not terrified and screaming, like his passengers.” 12th Ed, 2014

Inferences in Paragraphs Chapter 8 - Reading for Results Inferences in Paragraphs In daily life, we make inferences without even realizing it. In academic life, as readers we infer main ideas that are not stated directly in a topic sentence. 12th Ed, 2014

Chapter 8 - Reading for Results What Are Inferences? conclusions we draw about the unknown based upon the known educated guesses about something that’s been implied, or suggested, but never said directly central to understanding an author’s or speaker’s meaning. the result of combining the meanings from specific sentences to infer a more general main idea. You might want to spend a little time talking about the meaning of “reading between the lines,” i.e. drawing conclusions about what’s been suggested but left unsaid. 12th Ed, 2014

Implied Main Ideas An implied main idea is only suggested; it is not clearly stated in one sentence. To figure out an implied main idea, we must look at the supporting details. See page 97 in textbook.

Strategies: Find Implied Main Ideas Addition: Compare/Contrast: To find the main idea when it is not directly stated, we must ask the same questions we’ve already used to find main ideas: one to begin with also further first (of all) for one thing in addition furthermore second(ly) another moreover final(ly) • Who or what is the paragraph about? Find the topic. • What is the main point the author is trying to make about that topic? Find the controlling idea. What clues do the transitions provide? likewise compared with however unlike similar(ly) like in contrast otherwise comparatively in comparison on the other hand See page 98 in textbook. TEST: When we think we know the main point, ask: • Does all or most of the material in the paragraph support this idea?

Find Implied Main Idea Read the paragraph below. Then answer the question. Researchers who study the “science” of shopping note that men always move faster than women through a store’s aisle. Men spend less time looking, too. They usually don’t like asking where things are, or any other questions. When a man takes clothing into a dressing room, the only thing that stops him from buying it is if it doesn’t fit. Women, on the other hand, try things on as only part of the consideration process, and garments that fit just fine may still be rejected on other grounds. Here’s another contrast: 86 percent of women look at price tags when they shop. Only 72 percent of men do. For a man, ignoring the price tag is almost a measure of his masculinity. As a result, men are far more easily encouraged to buy more expensive versions of the same product than are women shoppers. They are also far more suggestible than women—men seem so anxious to get out of the store that they’ll say yes to almost anything. What is the topic? Circle repeated ideas. What main point is the author trying to make about this topic? Transitions? See page 98 in textbook. ANSWER: C is the point. The next slide explains the answer. men and women shoppers A. Men always move faster than women when shopping. B. Women look at price tags more than men. C. Men and women behave differently when shopping. D. Men make more expensive choices when shopping. TEST: Does all or most of the material in the paragraph support this idea?

Implied Main Idea C is the correct answer. • All of the details in the paragraph support the point that men and women behave differently when shopping. • Choices A, B, and D are all supporting details for this main idea. See page 98 in textbook. A. Men always move faster than women when shopping. B. Women look at price tags more than men. C. Men and women behave differently when shopping. D. Men make more expensive choices when shopping.

Implied Main Idea Strategies for identifying the topic and main idea: Read the paragraph below. Then answer the question. Strategies for identifying the topic and main idea: Find Topic: Look for repeated words. Infer Controlling/Main Idea: Mark major supporting details. Major details are often signaled by transition words. Fifty years ago, Americans were sleeping an average of eight to twelve hours a night, but by 1990 they were down to only seven hours a night. Now many Americans average only about six hours of sleep a night. Extensive research shows that losing an hour or two of sleep every night, week after week, month after month, makes it more difficult for people to pay attention (especially to monotonous tasks) and to remember things. Reaction time slows down, behavior becomes unpredictable, logical reasoning is impaired, and accidents and errors in judgment increase, while productivity and the ability to make decisions decline. Students fall asleep in class and fail to learn all that they should. Marriages become more stressful as sleep-exhausted parents try to cope with their children and each other. Truck and auto drivers fall asleep at the wheel, and experts estimate that accidents result in over 1,500 deaths in this country a year. Workers perform less efficiently, and those in high-risk positions can endanger us all. For example, sleep deprivation led to the accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania. See pages 99 and 100 in textbook. ANSWER: B is the topic. The next slide explains the answer. What is the topic of the paragraph? A. Sleep B. Loss of sleep in America C. Sleep loss for students and parents D. Sleep loss for drivers and workers

Implied Main Idea What is the topic of the paragraph? A. Sleep Fifty years ago, Americans were sleeping an average of eight to twelve hours a night, but by 1990 they were down to only seven hours a night. Now many Americans average only about six hours of sleep a night. Extensive research shows that losing an hour or two of sleep every night, week after week, month after month, makes it more difficult for people to pay attention (especially to monotonous tasks) and to remember things. Reaction time slows down, behavior becomes unpredictable, logical reasoning is impaired, and accidents and errors in judgment increase, while productivity and the ability to make decisions decline. Students fall asleep in class and fail to learn all that they should. Marriages become more stressful as sleep-exhausted parents try to cope with their children and each other. Truck and auto drivers fall asleep at the wheel, and experts estimate that accidents result in over 1,500 deaths in this country a year. Workers perform less efficiently, and those in high-risk positions can endanger us all. For example, sleep deprivation led to the accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania. See pages 99 and 100 in textbook. What is the topic of the paragraph? A. Sleep B. Loss of sleep in America C. Sleep loss for students and parents D. Sleep loss for drivers and workers Explanation The topic is referred to directly or indirectly in several sentences.

Implied Main Idea Strategies for identifying the topic and main idea: Which statement best expresses the main idea of the paragraph? Strategies for identifying the topic and main idea: Find Topic: Look for repeated words. Infer Controlling/Main Idea: Mark major supporting details. Major details are often signaled by transition words. Fifty years ago, Americans were sleeping an average of eight to twelve hours a night, but by 1990 they were down to only seven hours a night. Now many Americans average only about six hours of sleep a night. Extensive research shows that losing an hour or two of sleep every night, week after week, month after month, makes it more difficult for people to pay attention (especially to monotonous tasks) and to remember things. Reaction time slows down, behavior becomes unpredictable, logical reasoning is impaired, and accidents and errors in judgment increase, while productivity and the ability to make decisions decline. Students fall asleep in class and fail to learn all that they should. Marriages become more stressful as sleep-exhausted parents try to cope with their children and each other. Truck and auto drivers fall asleep at the wheel, and experts estimate that accidents result in over 1,500 deaths in this country a year. Workers perform less efficiently, and those in high-risk positions can endanger us all. For example, sleep deprivation led to the accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania. See pages 99 and 100 in textbook. ANSWER: A states the main idea. The next slide explains the answer. A. The loss of sleep in America has led to serious problems. B. Americans have lost sleep steadily over the last fifty years. C. Sleep loss affects the performance of students and parents. D. Sleep loss affects the performance of drivers and workers.

Implied Main Idea A is the correct answer. • All of the supporting details in the paragraph are about problems resulting from loss of sleep. • Choice B does not include the serious problems that result from loss of sleep. • Choices C and D are too narrow. Each refers to only two groups that are affected by sleep loss. See pages 99 and 100 in textbook. A. The loss of sleep in America has led to serious problems. B. Americans have lost sleep steadily over the last fifty years. C. Sleep loss affects the performance of students and parents. D. Sleep loss affects the performance of drivers and workers.

Implied Main Idea Strategies for identifying the topic and main idea: • Find Topic: Look for repeated words. • Infer Controlling/Main Idea: Mark major supporting details. Major details are often signaled by transition words. Transitions Words: Addition one to begin with also further first (of all) for one thing in addition furthermore second(ly) other next last (of all) third(ly) another moreover final(ly) See page 104 in textbook.

Implied Main Idea Read the paragraph below. Then answer the question. All people have a strong need to belong to groups, stemming from evolutionary pressures that increased people’s chance of survival and reproduction when in groups rather than in isolation. This need may also be driven by the desire to feel protected against threat and uncertainty in everyday life or to gain a greater sense of personal and social identity. Moreover, people join specific groups in order to accomplish things that they cannot accomplish as individuals. Neither symphonies nor football games can be played by one person alone, and many types of work require team effort. Further, people join groups because of the social status and identity that they offer. An important part of people’s feelings of self-worth comes from their identification with particular groups. Even a relatively low-status group can be a source of pride for individuals who are held in high esteem within the group; being big fish in small ponds can make people feel good about themselves, particularly people from individualist cultures. Finally, people may join groups simply because they like the members and want to have the opportunity to interact with them. See pages 104 and 105 in textbook. ANSWER: Joining groups The next slide shows the answer. What is the topic of the paragraph?

Implied Main Idea What is the topic of the paragraph? Joining groups All people have a strong need to belong to groups, stemming from evolutionary pressures that increased people’s chance of survival and reproduction when in groups rather than in isolation. This need may also be driven by the desire to feel protected against threat and uncertainty in everyday life or to gain a greater sense of personal and social identity. Moreover, people join specific groups in order to accomplish things that they cannot accomplish as individuals. Neither symphonies nor football games can be played by one person alone, and many types of work require team effort. Further, people join groups because of the social status and identity that they offer. An important part of people’s feelings of self-worth comes from their identification with particular groups. Even a relatively low-status group can be a source of pride for individuals who are held in high esteem within the group; being big fish in small ponds can make people feel good about themselves, particularly people from individualist cultures. Finally, people may join groups simply because they like the members and want to have the opportunity to interact with them. See pages 104 and 105 in textbook. What is the topic of the paragraph? Joining groups

Implied Main Idea Read the paragraph again. Then answer the question. All people have a strong need to belong to groups, stemming from evolutionary pressures that increased people’s chance of survival and reproduction when in groups rather than in isolation. This need may also be driven by the desire to feel protected against threat and uncertainty in everyday life or to gain a greater sense of personal and social identity. Moreover, people join specific groups in order to accomplish things that they cannot accomplish as individuals. Neither symphonies nor football games can be played by one person alone, and many types of work require team effort. Further, people join groups because of the social status and identity that they offer. An important part of people’s feelings of self-worth comes from their identification with particular groups. Even a relatively low-status group can be a source of pride for individuals who are held in high esteem within the group; being big fish in small ponds can make people feel good about themselves, particularly people from individualist cultures. Finally, people may join groups simply because they like the members and want to have the opportunity to interact with them. See pages 104 and 105 in textbook. ANSWER: People join groups for a number of reasons. The next slide explains the answer. What is the implied main idea of the paragraph?

Implied Main Idea What is the implied main idea of the paragraph? All people have a strong need to belong to groups, stemming from evolutionary pressures that increased people’s chance of survival and reproduction when in groups rather than in isolation. This need may also be driven by the desire to feel protected against threat and uncertainty in everyday life or to gain a greater sense of personal and social identity. Moreover, people join specific groups in order to accomplish things that they cannot accomplish as individuals. Neither symphonies nor football games can be played by one person alone, and many types of work require team effort. Further, people join groups because of the social status and identity that they offer. An important part of people’s feelings of self-worth comes from their identification with particular groups. Even a relatively low-status group can be a source of pride for individuals who are held in high esteem within the group; being big fish in small ponds can make people feel good about themselves, particularly people from individualist cultures. Finally, people may join groups simply because they like the members and want to have the opportunity to interact with them. See pages 104 and 105 in textbook. What is the implied main idea of the paragraph? People join groups for a number of reasons. Explanation Each major detail in the paragraph is one reason that people join groups. Note that four of the major details are signaled by transition words.

Implied Main Idea in Longer Passages • When you read, you may have to infer— figure out on your own—an author’s unstated central idea in a longer passage. • The central idea is also called a thesis. See page 107 in textbook.

Implied Main Idea in Longer Passages To find the implied central idea in a longer passage, you must ask the same three questions you used to find the main ideas in paragraphs: • Who or what is this passage about? (What is the topic?) • What is the central point the author is trying to make about that topic? See pages 107 and 108 in textbook. When you think you know the central idea, you can test it by asking: • Does all or most of the material in the passage support this idea?

Review In this section, you learned the following: • At times authors imply, or suggest, a main idea without stating it clearly in one sentence. In such cases, you must figure out that main idea by considering the supporting details. When you think you know the main idea, test it by asking, “Does all or most of the material support this idea?” • To find implied central ideas in longer reading selections, you must again look closely at the supporting material. See page 112 in textbook.