The Human Body: An Orientation Chapter 1 Part 1

Three essential concepts that unify Anatomy and Physiology:

What is Anatomy? Structure of body parts Relationship of body parts Concrete subject

What is Physiology? Function of the machinery Processes of the body Relationship of biology and chemistry

Topics of Anatomy Levels 0f Study Macroscopic Anatomy – AKA “gross anatomy” – Study of large body parts visible to the naked eye – Dissection of animals – Subdivisions include: Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Surface anatomy

Topics of Anatomy Levels 0f Study Microscopic Anatomy –Study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye –Subdivisions include: Cytology – cells Histology – tissues

Topics in Anatomy (con’t) Developmental Anatomy – Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span – Subdivisions include: Embryology - developmental changes before birth Pathological Anatomy – structural changes associated with disease. Radiographic Anatomy – body structures which can be visualized with x-rays Molecular Biology Anatomical Terminology

Some Topics of Physiology Renal physiology – kidney function and urine production Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system Cardiovascular physiology – operation of heart and blood Immunology – how the body defends itself from disease causing agents Endocrinology, pathophysiology, exercise physiology

Complementarity of Structures and Functions Chemical Level Cellular Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level

Molecular Level urea catalase atoms Cellular Level basophil epithelium Atoms combine to form moleculesCells are made up of molecules

Tissue LevelOrgan Level tongue kidney tongue taste buds kidney tubules Tissues consist of similar types of cellsOrgans are made up of similar types of tissues

A(n) _____ is a group of cells with a similar structure and function a)organ b)molecule c)organ system d)tissue

Slide 1.4 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

Slide 1.5 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

Slide 1.6 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

Slide 1.7 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

Slide 1.8 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

Slide 1.9 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

Slide 1.10 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

Slide 1.11 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

Slide 1.12 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

Slide 1.13 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j

Slide 1.14 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

Identify four organ systems. Name two organs associated with each organ system. 1. a. b. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. 4. a. b.

Organism

Levels of Structural Organization Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings