Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide ions in solution. Basic solutions have a pH value above 7 Buffers- weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.

Go to Section: Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Soap Sea water Human blood Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid Neutral Increasingly Basic Increasingly Acidic Section 2-2 pH Scale

Go to Section: Life’s Backbone Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain. Section 2-3 Interest Grabber

Go to Section: 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon. 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them. 3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them. Section 2-3 Interest Grabber continued

Go to Section: Macromolecules Macromolecule- means giant molecule Monomers-small unit of a macromolecule that joins with other monomers to form polymers.

Go to Section: Four Groups of Organic Macromolecules or Compounds 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

Go to Section: Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1 MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides are single (mono=one) sugars. Important monosaccharides include glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), and fructose (same formula but different structure than glucose). PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are large molecules composed of individual monosaccharide units. A common plant polysaccharide is starch (shown in Figure 12), which is made up of many glucose

Go to Section: Starch Glucose Section 2-3 Figure 2-13 A Starch

Go to Section: Lipids involved mainly with long-term energy storage. Common categories are fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids are composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule. Fatty acids can be saturated (meaning they have as many hydrogens bonded to their carbons as possible) unsaturated (with one or more double bonds connecting their carbons, hence fewer hydrogens)

Go to Section: Lipids Cont. A fat is solid at room temperature, while an oil is a liquid under the same conditions. The fatty acids in oils are mostly unsaturated, while those in fats are mostly saturated. Cooking oils, such as corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, and peanut oil. Contain polyunsaturated lipids.

Go to Section: Proteins Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The building block of any protein is the amino acid, which has an amino end (NH 2 ) and a carboxyl end (COOH).amino acid More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature.

Go to Section: General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Amino groupCarboxyl group

Go to Section: General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Amino groupCarboxyl group

Go to Section: General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Amino groupCarboxyl group

Go to Section: Amino acids Section 2-3 Figure 2-17 A Protein

Go to Section: Nucleic Acids Are polymers composed of monomer units known as nucleotidespolymersmonomernucleotides Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate. Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. Two kinds Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Go to Section: Nucleic Acids contl there are five nitrogenous bases. Purines (Adenine and Guanine) are double-ring structures, while pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil) are single-ringed.

Go to Section:

Chemical Reactions Chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Two parts Reactants and Products. Reactants  Products 2H 2 O  2H 2 + O 2 Activation energy- the energy needed to get a reaction started.

Go to Section: Enzymes Catalyst- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. They lower the reactions activation energy. Enzymes-proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes are not used up during the reaction and can be used over and over again. Enzymes can usually be identified by the "ase" ending in the name. Substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.moleculeenzyme Enzymes attach to the substrate at an active site, like a "lock and key" fit.

Go to Section:

Enzymes Cont. Coenzymes help enzymes bond to a substrate. Ex: vitamins Inhibitors block active sites to regulate enzyme activity.

Go to Section: Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Section 2-4 Effect of Enzymes

Go to Section: Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Section 2-4 Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

Go to Section: Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Section 2-4 Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

Go to Section: Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

Go to Section: Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

Go to Section: Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

Go to Section: Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Section 2-4 Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Active site

Go to Section: Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins- organic molecules that help regulate body processes often working with enzymes. Two types- Fat-soluble and water soluble. Minerals- inorganic nutrients the body needs in small amounts.

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