Ch 5 - Soils Important effect of weathering for people!

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Presentation transcript:

Ch 5 - Soils Important effect of weathering for people! Important area of study for geologists. Objectives What is soil. Know soil horizons and characteristics. Know 2 types of soils Causes & preventions of soil erosion

What is Soil? Soil consists of: Regolith - minerals & rock fragments Humus - organic matter Gases Water Living organisms

How does soil form? Five factors influencing soil formation: Climate Parent rock Organisms Plants animals Topography Time

What is a soil profile? A soil profile consists of several soil horizons. O horizon humus on the ground surface. A horizon Top soil. Rich in organic matter. Typically dark color. Also called zone of leaching. B horizon Subsoil. Also called zone of accumulation. May contain soluble minerals such as calcite in arid climates (caliche). C horizon Weathered bedrock (rotten rock). Bedrock lies below the soil profile.

Soil Horizons – Field

Figure 6. 17

Major Soil Types Pedalfer Pedocal rich in Al and Fe. form in humid climates Pedocal rich in Ca. form in arid climates commonly contain caliche (or hardpan), a calcium carbonate deposit which accumulates in the soil.

US Soil map Gray-brown & moist Soft & organic rich Strongly weathered & clay rich

Soil Orders

Have you ever had your soil analyzed? This can be done by county extension office. Gives you information on: pH of your soil. Is your soil acidic or basic? Elements - Plants require P, K, Ca, Mg B, Mn, Zn Nitrates (fertilizer) – N, P, K (in that order) listed as weight percents Ex. 5-10-5 or 10-10-10. Organic matter Soluble salts

Particle Sizes Loam

Loam – Combination of Sand, Silt, Clay Soil's productivity is mainly due to the clays in the soils

Based on % of sand, silt, & clay Names for Loams Based on % of sand, silt, & clay

Soil erosion - (weathering & erosion are different). Due to water (runoff) or wind. transported by streams deposited on floodplain or at mouth of river. trapped behind dams reduces beach sand accelerate beach erosion. Dust Bowl of the 1930's - due to wind erosion of soil following extended drought and over-tilling of the soil.

hectare = 10,000 square meters, or 2.471 acres Slopes Make it Worse 1 % slope = 3 tons soil lost per hectare/yr 5 % slope = 87 tons lost per hectare/yr At this rate a 15 cm thickness of topsoil would disappear in about 20 years, 15 % slope = 221 tons lost per hectare/yr hectare = 10,000 square meters, or 2.471 acres

How can we slow soil erosion? Contour plowing Terraces Crop rotation Planting groundcovers Windbreaks Reduce overgrazing