Science Venn Diagram All of these sciences are related and overlap!! copyright cmassengale1 G Genetics EE Evolution Taxonomy

2 Classification copyright cmassengale

3 There are 3 million known species of organisms There are 3 million known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms copyright cmassengale

What is a SPECIES????? A group of organisms that can naturally interbreed copyright cmassengale4

5 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

6 Benefits of Classifying Accurately names organisms Accurately names organisms Provides clues to physical differences Provides clues to physical differences Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

Why LATIN? Latin was chosen because – -educated people knew the meaning of the terms -it could be used as an international language - it could gap the language barrier the language wouldn’t change with society -the language wouldn’t change with society copyright cmassengale7

8 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale

9 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale

What does mephitis mean in Latin?? Noun 1.A noxious gas emanating from something, esp. from the earth. 2.A foul or poisonous stench. copyright cmassengale10

11 Early Taxonomists 2500 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist 2500 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

Where do you put this guy???? Honk copyright cmassengale12

13 Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

14 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – th century Swedish Naturalist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

15 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

Canis lupus copyright cmassengale16

Term Meaning BI= 2 NOMIAL= NAME NOMENCLATURE= NAMING SYSTEM copyright cmassengale17

18 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Genus species Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

19 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

Bear or Raccoon??? The giant panda shares characteristics with both the red panda and bears. As a result, scientists have argued on how to classify giant pandas. copyright cmassengale20

21 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

22 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum(Division–is used for plants) Class Order Family Genus species BROADEST TAXON Most Specific copyright cmassengale

23 Dumb Kings Play Chess OnOnOnOn Fat Green Stools copyright cmassengale

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3 Domains copyright cmassengale25

6 kingdom Classification System copyright cmassengale26

27 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains based on RNA differences 1-Archaea – ancient bacteria found in harsh environments 2-Bacteria- modern bacteria found in common places 3-Eukarya- organisms that have a nucleus Domains copyright cmassengale

28 ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: – Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) – Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) – Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid – Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale

29 BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE ALL HABITATS Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

30 Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms Protista Protista Fungi Fungi Plantae Plantae Animalia Animalia copyright cmassengale

31 Protista THESE ARE ORGANISMS THAT ARE NOT PLANTS, ANIMALS OR FUNGUS THESE ARE ORGANISMS THAT ARE NOT PLANTS, ANIMALS OR FUNGUS Can be unicellular or multicellular Can be unicellular or multicellular Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic All Are Aquatic/microscopic All Are Aquatic/microscopic copyright cmassengale Normally Asexual

Examples of Protists Amoebas, Green Algae, Dinoflaggellates copyright cmassengale32

33 Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

Examples of Fungi Molds Yeasts Mushrooms copyright cmassengale34

35 Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale

36 Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals Movement! Movement! copyright cmassengale

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38 Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) evolutionary relationships Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

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41 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

42 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

43 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale

44 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

45 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

46 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

47 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

Thanks for Watching!! copyright cmassengale 48